The Mechanisms of Brassinosteroids' Action: From Signal Transduction to Plant Development

Yang, Cang-Jin; Zhang, Chi; Lu, Yangning; Jin, Jianxun; Wang, Xuelu

doi:10.1093/mp/ssr020

Cited by 263 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…BRs regulate root development, anther and pollen development and formation, stem elongation, vascular tissue differentiation and cellulose biosynthesis. Furthermore, the physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms by which BRs regulate plant development suggest that the biological functions of BRs are far beyond promoting cell elongation [13]. BRs are involved in plant reproductive growth, specifically in regulating male fertility [14,15].…”

Section: Steroid Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous steroid hormones stimulate full development of autonomous endosperm in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2015

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Most flowering plants, including important crops, require double fertilization to form an embryo and endosperm, which nourishes it. Independence from fertilization is a feature of apomictic plants that produce seeds, from which the plants that are clones of the mother plant arise. The phenomenon of apomixis occurs in some sexual plants under specific circumstances. Since the launch of a fertilization-independent mechanism is considered a useful tool for plant breeding, there have been efforts to artificially induce apomixis. We have been able to produce fertilization-independent endosperm in vitro in Arabidopsis over the last few years. This paper demonstrates the methods of improving the quality of the endosperm obtained using plant and mammalian steroid hormones. Additionally, it shows the study on the autonomous endosperm (AE) formation mechanism in vitro.This paper examines the effect of exogenous steroid hormones on unfertilized egg and central cell divisions in culture of unpollinated pistils of Arabidopsis Col-0 wild-type and fie-1 mutant. All media with hormones used (estrone, androsterone, progesterone, and epibrassinolide) stimulated central cell divisions and fertilization-independent endosperm development. The stages of AE development followed the pattern of Arabidopsis thaliana wild type after fertilization. Subsequent stages of AE were observed from 2-nuclear up to cellular with the most advanced occurring on medium with 24-epibrassinolide and progesterone. The significant influence of mammalian sex hormones on speed of AE development and differentiation was noticed. Using restriction analysis, the changes in methylation of FIE gene was established under in vitro condition. The authors of this paper showed that Arabidopsis thaliana has a high potency to fertilization-independent development.

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Section: Steroid Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous steroid hormones stimulate full development of autonomous endosperm in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2015

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“…Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of plant-specific steroid hormones essential for plant normal development and responses to various environmental cues (Clouse and Sasse, 1998;Yang et al, 2011). BRs are perceived at the plasma membrane by the BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) and BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) receptor-coreceptor complex (Li and Chory, 1997;Nam and Li, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Recently Evolved Isoform of the Transcription Factor BES1 Promotes Brassinosteroid Signaling and Development in Arabidopsis thaliana

2015

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(J.J.) Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential steroid hormones that regulate plant growth and development. The transcription factor BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1) regulates the expression of thousands of target genes in response to BRs. Here, we report an Arabidopsis thaliana-specific long isoform of BES1, BES1-L, which has stronger activity in promoting BR signaling than the canonical and widely used short BES1-S. The BES1-L isoform contains an additional N-terminal bipartite nuclear localization signal, which strongly promotes its nuclear localization. BES1-L also promotes the nuclear localization of BES1-S and BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 via dimerization. The transcription of BES1-L and BES1-S is differentially regulated by BRs due to the presence of G-box element in the BES1-S promoter. Moreover, BES1-L uniquely exists in the majority of A. thaliana ecotypes, but not in other species, even its Brassicaceae relatives, including Arabidopsis lyrata. The phenotypes of the BES1-L overexpression lines and plants with truncated BES1-L indicate that BES1-L is a more important isoform of BES1 in Arabidopsis and may have contributed to the evolution and expansion of A. thaliana.

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“…Autophosphorylation of BRI1 is also required for the regulation of its activity and binding to its interacting proteins [61]. In general, BRI1 consists of three major domains: the extracellular domain, transmembrane domain, and intracellular kinase domain [32,68]. The extracellular domain is divided into three subdomains: amino-terminal signal peptide, 24 LRRs and an ID located between the 20 th and 21 st LRRs [59].…”

Section: Brassinosterroid Insenstitive 1 (Bri1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brassinosteroids regulate plant growth and development such as cell elongation, vascular development, senescence, stress responses, and photomorphogenesis [10,11,68]. BR-related mutants of the brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathway and signal transduction exhibited a short hypocotyl, opened cotyledons, and de-etiolation in the dark.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Phosphorylation-Mediated Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathways

Lee¹,

Kim

2012

Journal of Life Science

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Protein phosphorylation is a universal mechanism that regulates cellular activities. The brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction pathway is a relay of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation cascades. It starts with the BR-induced activation of the membrane receptor kinase brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1), resulting in the dephosphorylation of transcription factors such as BZR1/BES2 and BZR2/BES1 followed by BR-induced gene expression. Brassinosteroid signal transduction research has progressed rapidly by identifying the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation site(s) of the BR-regulated kinase and phosphatase substrates with a simultaneous pursuit of mutant phenotypes. Autophosphorylation, transphosphorylation, and serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor protein kinases BRI1 and BRI1-associated kinase (BAK1) have increased the understanding of the regulatory role of those kinases during physiological and developmental processes in plants. The phosphorylation event initiated by BR is also found in the regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis and the subsequent degradation of the receptor. However, the basic molecular links of the BR signal transduction pathway are not well understood regarding this phosphorylation/dephosphorylation event. This review summarizes the current state of BR signal transduction research to uncover the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation networks and suggests directions for future research on steroid signal transduction to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the process. IntroductionBrassinosteroids are the only group of steroid hormones discovered in plants, which are different from steroid hormones in the animal system that has several different steroid hormones. Brassinosteroids regulate plant growth and development such as cell elongation, vascular development, senescence, stress responses, and photomorphogenesis [10,11,68]. BR-related mutants of the brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathway and signal transduction exhibited a short hypocotyl, opened cotyledons, and de-etiolation in the dark. Under light conditions, they exhibited severe dwarfism, aggregated and dark-green rosette leaves with epinasty, decreased elongation of the petiole, defects in the fertility of pollens, apical dominance, and senescence [9,69]. Therefore, brassinosteroids have pivotal roles in plant growth and differentiation [11,18]. In animal systems, steroid ligands bind to nuclear binding receptors that act as transcriptional regulators [65]. However, in plant systems, BRs bind to BRI1, an LRR-RLK on the plasma membrane, and this binding induces a signal, which is transduced to the nucleus through several signaling components in the cytoplasm [33,63].For the past few years, information on brassinosteroid-mediated phosphorylation has increased enormously. Not only serine/threonine phosphorylation but also tyrosine phosphorylation have been found, and the significance of autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation became known. Recently, many phosphorylation sites on protein kinases in ...

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The Mechanisms of Brassinosteroids' Action: From Signal Transduction to Plant Development

Cited by 263 publications

References 118 publications

Exogenous steroid hormones stimulate full development of autonomous endosperm in Arabidopsis thaliana

Exogenous steroid hormones stimulate full development of autonomous endosperm in Arabidopsis thaliana

A Recently Evolved Isoform of the Transcription Factor BES1 Promotes Brassinosteroid Signaling and Development in Arabidopsis thaliana

Update on Phosphorylation-Mediated Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathways

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