The Media Dichotomy

Dallaire, Roméo

doi:10.2307/j.ctt18fs550.7

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…In principle, spatial externalities can, of course, work beyond 20 kilometers. 23 For example, the station increases violence in one village, which increases violence in neighboring villages, which in turn affects the violence levels in their respective are robust to dropping the villages with zero prosecutions. 22 The spatial dependence cannot be unlimited.…”

Section: Empirical Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide *

Yanagizawa-Drott

2014

The Quarterly Journal of Economics

485

155

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This article investigates the role of mass media in times of conflict and state-sponsored mass violence against civilians. We use a unique village-level data set from the Rwandan genocide to estimate the impact of a popular radio station that encouraged violence against the Tutsi minority population. The results show that the broadcasts had a significant effect on participation in killings by both militia groups and ordinary civilians. An estimated 51,000 perpetrators, or approximately 10% of the overall violence, can be attributed to the station. The broadcasts increased militia violence not only directly by influencing behavior in villages with radio reception but also indirectly by increasing participation in neighboring villages. In fact, spillovers are estimated to have caused more militia violence than the direct effects. Thus, the article provides evidence that mass media can affect participation in violence directly due to exposure and indirectly due to social interactions.

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Section: Empirical Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…a 100-kilometer cutoff, and to using clustered standard errors at the district level (see Online Appendix). 23 For parameters in regression models with spatial spillovers to be identified, the spatial dependence needs to be bounded. For a classic work on spatial econometrics, see Anselin (1988).…”

Section: Empirical Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide *

Yanagizawa-Drott

2014

The Quarterly Journal of Economics

485

155

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“…During the 100 days of the Rwanda genocide, there was more coverage of Tonya Harding by ABC, CBS and NBC than of the genocide itself. 43 News has a distant and abstract quality to it when aligned in a newspaper as a series of images and texts, or when allotted 60 seconds of commentary and video on the television. It is disembodied, often foreign.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An invisible genocide: how the Western media failed to report the 1994 Rwandan genocide of the Tutsi and why

Schimmel

2011

The International Journal of Human Rights

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This literature review analyses current academic literature examining the reporting of the Rwandan genocide of the Tutsi in 1994 in the American and European media. It shows how the genocide was mischaracterised as a 'tribal war' and an act of spontaneous violence and primordial hatred, rather than being accurately reported as a meticulously planned and implemented political project of ethnic extermination. It examines the range of reasons for this failure to report the news accurately presented in the current literature, finding a combination of factors: racism, lack of media interest in reporting on Rwanda and Africa, a shortage of images of the genocide, an uncritical approach to government statements downplaying genocide, and the drive to report stories that gratify Western viewers' perception of the West as being morally idealistic, just, and civilised. When the truth contradicted these imperatives and prejudices academic literature shows that the media sacrificed the truth for the economic bottom line to produce media that sells.Rwanda simply wasn't important enough. To British editors, it was a small country far away in a continent that rarely hit the headlines. The words Hutu and Tutsi sounded funny, hardly names that an ambitious news editor or desk officer would want to draw to the attention of a busy boss and claim that they were of immediate and vital importance. Within a few days of the plane crash, [which marked the start of the genocide] The Times ran several articles about what it obviously considered an angle to interest its readers: the fate of the Rwandan gorillas. 1 -Richard Dowden Would the world have reacted differently if confronted daily by images of people being slaughtered rather than the static, disembodied pictures of disfigured corpses? More informed and comprehensive coverage of the Rwanda genocide, particularly in those early days, might well have mitigated or even halted the killing by sparking an international outcry. The news media could have made a difference. 2 -Allan Thompson

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“…Two modern-day genocides – the Rwandan Genocide and the Nazi Holocaust – serve as the laboratory, chosen for five reasons: (1) both are unanimously accepted by scholars as distinctly genocides, targeting an ethno-religious group for annihilation, not politicides (targeting for political/economic factors) or a means to conquer or terrorize survivors into submission (Midlarsky, 2005); (2) both occurred in the 20th century; (3) the perpetrators used media to disseminate the messages widely; (4) archives and secondary literature made translations available and earlier literature argued that media were vital components of these genocides (see, for example, Armoudian, 2011; Bytwerk, 2004; Chretien, 2007; Dallaire, 2007; Dallaire with Beardsley, 2004; Des Forges, 2007; Hardy, 1967; Hatzfield, 2005; Herf, 2006; Herzstein, 1978; Hoffmann, 1996; Kallis, 2005; Kellow and Steeves, 1998; Kurspahic, 2003; Thompson, 2007); and (5) international tribunals convicted journalists from both (Harvard Law Review Association, 2004).…”

Section: Case Selection Data and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In search of a genocidal frame: Preliminary evidence from the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide

Armoudian

2018

Media, War & Conflict

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Research on genocide has provided a rich background of common structural, ideological and psychological antecedents that culminate in the attempted annihilation of a specific ethnic or religious group. Integrating the literature on framing, genocide, emotions and social psychology, this article first presents the concept of a master ‘genocidal frame’ and preliminary evidence from two modern-day genocides, Rwanda and Nazi Germany, where it located common themes in genocidal communication. Secondly, it suggests that the genocidal frame’s five themes together are used as an effort to persuade the countries’ ‘own’ people that annihilating ‘the others’ is necessary for the ‘greater good’. Finally, the author embeds this framing into three bodies of literature to preliminarily theorize how a genocidal frame, whether communicated interpersonally or institutionally, may interact with other conditions to help shape the psychological antecedents of genocide – negative emotions, cognitions and group psychology.

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The Media Dichotomy

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide *

Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide *

An invisible genocide: how the Western media failed to report the 1994 Rwandan genocide of the Tutsi and why

In search of a genocidal frame: Preliminary evidence from the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide

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