The Medicago<i>FLOWERING LOCUS T</i>Homolog,<i>MtFTa1</i>, Is a Key Regulator of Flowering Time

Laurie, Rebecca E.; Diwadkar, Payal; Jaudal, Mauren; Zhang, Lulu; Hecht, Valérie; Wen, Jiangqi; Tadege, Million; Mysore, Kirankumar S.; Putterill, Joanna; Weller, James L.; Macknight, Richard C.

doi:10.1104/pp.111.180182

Cited by 140 publications

(311 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…Compared with the Arabidopsis ft-1 mutants, the early-flowering phenotype and production of less rosette leaves were observed in ft-1 35S:PhFT transgenic plants ( Figure 6A and B). This was similar to Arabidopsis and other plant species that ectopically express FT orthologs (Kardailsky et al, 1999;Kobayashi et al, 1999;Hou and Yang, 2009;Fukuda et al, 2011;Hecht et al, 2011;Laurie et al, 2011;Sun et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2012;Xiang et al, 2012). In addition, the ft-1 35S:PhFT transgenic plants lost siliques after flowering ( Figure 6C).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a Flowering locus T homolog gene from a Phalaenopsis orchid

Dm¹,

Fb²,

Gf³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Warm day and cool night conditions significantly induce reproductive spike formation in Phalaenopsis plants; hence, determining the flowering mechanism regulating the reproductive transition is important. Flowering locus T (FT) plays important roles in flowering induction in several plants. To explore spike induction by warm days and cool nights in Phalaenopsis orchids, we isolated the FT (PhFT) from Phalaenopsis hybrid Fortune Saltzman. The cDNA of PhFT was 809-bp long and contained a 531-bp open reading frame encoding a putative protein of 176 amino acids, a 58-bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), and a 220-bp 3'-UTR. The predicted molecular mass of PhFT was 19.80 kDa, with an isoelectric point of 8.68. The PhFT was predicted to possess the conserved functional regions of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein superfamily. Nucleotide sequence data indicated that PhFT contained 3 introns and 4 exons. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses of PhFT revealed high homology to the FT proteins of Cymbidium goeringii and Oncidium Gower Ramsey. Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that PhFT mRNA Functional characterization of a PhFT gene was expressed in roots, apical leaves, mature leaves, and flowers. In flowers, PhFT was expressed more in developing floral buds than in mature flowers and was predominantly expressed in ovaries and petals. Ectopic expression of PhFT in Arabidopsis ft-1 mutants showed novel early-flowering phenotypes that lost their siliques. Our results indicated that the ectopic expression of PhFT could partially complement the late flowering defect in transgenic Arabidopsis ft-1 mutants. Our findings suggest that PhFT is a putative FT homolog in Phalaenopsis plants that regulates flowering transition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a Flowering locus T homolog gene from a Phalaenopsis orchid

Dm¹,

Fb²,

Gf³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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“…In young seedlings, premature bulbing would be prevented by the expression of AcFT4 and the lack of AcFT1. In Arabidopsis and other plants, FT is rapidly upregulated when plants are shifted from non-inductive conditions to an inductive photoperiod 4,37 . To investigate the timescale of the photoperiodic regulation of AcFT1 and AcFT4, plants were shifted from SD to LD photoperiod.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

FLOWERING LOCUS T genes control onion bulb formation and flowering

et al. 2013

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Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a biennial crop that in temperate regions is planted in the spring and, after a juvenile stage, forms a bulb in response to the lengthening photoperiod of late spring/ summer. The bulb then overwinters and in the next season it flowers and sets seed. FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) encodes a mobile signaling protein involved in regulating flowering, as well as other aspects of plant development. Here we show that in onions, different FT genes regulate flowering and bulb formation. Flowering is promoted by vernalization and correlates with the upregulation of AcFT2, whereas bulb formation is regulated by two antagonistic FT-like genes. AcFT1 promotes bulb formation, while AcFT4 prevents AcFT1 upregulation and inhibits bulbing in transgenic onions. Long-day photoperiods lead to the downregulation of AcFT4 and the upregulation of AcFT1, and this promotes bulbing. The observation that FT proteins can repress and promote different developmental transitions highlights the evolutionary versatility of FT.

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“…FT-like genes encode small globular proteins, almost completely consisting of a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) domain (Banfield & Brady, 2000;Ahn et al, 2006). Numerous examples have shown that FT-like genes inherited a conserved and universal floralpromoting function in angiosperms and that altered expression of FT orthologs severely affects the time of flowering (Kardailsky et al, 1999;Kobayashi et al, 1999;Kojima et al, 2002;Bohlenius et al, 2006;Lifschitz et al, 2006;Pin et al, 2010;Laurie et al, 2011;Meng et al, 2011). It has been proposed that flowering is the default developmental program, which is repressed to avoid precocious flowering and allow vegetative growth, and that the FT module simply provides a mechanism for accelerating flowering under favorable conditions (Stebbins, 1974;Hecht et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of coniferFLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER1‐like genes provides evidence for dramatic biochemical evolution in the angiospermFTlineage

Klintenäs

Benlloch

et al. 2012

New Phytologist

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SummaryIn flowering plants, homologs of the Arabidopsis phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) are key components in controlling flowering time. We show here that, although FT homologs are found in all angiosperms with completed genome sequences, there is no evidence to date that FT-like genes exist in other groups of plants.Through phylogeny reconstructions and heterologous expression, we examined the biochemical function of the Picea (spruces) and Pinus (pines) PEBP families -two gymnosperm taxa phylogenetically distant from the angiosperms.We have defined a lineage of gymnosperm PEBP genes, termed the FT/TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1)-like genes, that share sequence characteristics with both the angiosperm FT-and TFL1-like clades. When expressed in Arabidopsis, FT/TFL1-like genes repressed flowering, indicating that the proteins are biochemically more similar to the angiosperm TFL1-like proteins than to the FT-like proteins. This suggests that the regulation of the vegetative-to-reproductive switch might differ in gymnosperms compared with angiosperms.Molecular evolution studies suggest that plasticity at exon 4 contributes to the divergence of FT-like function in floral promotion. In addition, the presence of FT-like genes in basal angiosperms indicates that the FT-like function emerged at an early stage during the evolution of flowering plants as a means to regulate flowering time.

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The MedicagoFLOWERING LOCUS THomolog,MtFTa1, Is a Key Regulator of Flowering Time

Cited by 140 publications

References 72 publications

Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a Flowering locus T homolog gene from a Phalaenopsis orchid

Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a Flowering locus T homolog gene from a Phalaenopsis orchid

FLOWERING LOCUS T genes control onion bulb formation and flowering

Analysis of coniferFLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER1‐like genes provides evidence for dramatic biochemical evolution in the angiospermFTlineage

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