The Melting of Titanium

Bomberger, H. B.; Froes, F. H.

doi:10.1007/bf03339212

Cited by 30 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…ACTIVITY OF Al IN THE Ti-Al BINARY of many alloying elements with different thermophysical SYSTEM properties makes it very difficult to meet a nominal composiIn this study, the activity of aluminum in molten Ti-Al is tion of the final ingot. [2,3,4] For example, due to the high obtained through theoretical calculations, and the calculated saturated vapor pressure of Al, which is an indispensable results are in good agreement with those in References 8 alloying element in almost all of the titanium alloys, there through 11. always exists an evaporation-loss problem during the vacuum melting. At certain times, the evaporation loss of Al can be as great as 8 wt pct during the cold crucible induction skull melting (ISM) of gamma TiAl intermetallics.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 82%

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Evaporation behavior of aluminum during the cold crucible induction skull melting of titanium aluminum alloys

Guo

Jia

Liu

et al. 2000

Metall Mater Trans B

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Taking the Ti-Al binary alloy as an example, this article studied the evaporation behavior of Al during the cold crucible induction skull melting (ISM) process of titanium alloys. A formula was deduced to predict the activity of Al in a molten Ti-Al binary system. The calculated activity of Al negatively deviates from an ideal solution. A model was established to judge the evaporation controlling mode and, on this basis, several conclusions were obtained. (1) The evaporation controlling mode of Al in molten Ti-Al transfers from the evaporation reaction controlling mode to the double controlling mode (diffusion and evaporation reaction) with increasing melt temperature (T ms ) and/or Al content (x Al ) and/or decreasing pressure (P) in the melting chamber. (2) The expression P Յ P crit (P crit Ϸ 0.44 P e(Al) ) is a criterion used to judge whether the evaporation is in the state of free evaporation. (3) The term P impe (P impe ϭ (3.5 to 4) P e(Al) ) is a critical value which impedes the evaporation loss. Almost all of common used ternary additions could enhance the activity of Al in molten Ti-Al and, accordingly, aggravate the evaporation of Al, except for Zr. The enhancing sequence is Y, Ni, Nb, Mn, V, Fe, Cr, Mo, Cu, Si, W, Mg, B, and Sn. The Al evaporation mass-transfer losses, measured from the melting experiments of several titanium aluminum alloys, were in reasonable agreement with the calculated results.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Ѩx i [2] limited. In this study, the author investigated the evaporation behavior of Al during the ISM process of a Ti-Al binary alloy by combining theoretical calculations with experiments…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Evaporation behavior of aluminum during the cold crucible induction skull melting of titanium aluminum alloys

Guo

Jia

Liu

et al. 2000

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…Modeling VAR process is very challenging and controversial as the process involves a wide range of physical phenomena and their interactions. Modeling activities are required to study each phenomenon including formation and movement of cathode spots at the tip of electrode, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] the vacuum plasma, [4,5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] the electric current transferred directly between the electrode and mold, known as ''side-arcing,'' [12,18,[21][22][23][24] the thermal radiation in the vacuum region, [21,25,26] melting of the electrode, [8,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] the influence of electromagnetic field on the flow known as magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in the molten pool, [39][40]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Parametric Study of the Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR) Process: Effects of Arc Radius, Side-Arcing, and Gas Cooling

Karimi-Sibaki

Kharicha

et al. 2019

Metall Mater Trans B

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Main modeling challenges for vacuum arc remelting (VAR) are briefly highlighted concerning various involving phenomena during the process such as formation and movement of cathode spots on the surface of electrode, the vacuum plasma, side-arcing, the thermal radiation in the vacuum region, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in the molten pool, melting of the electrode, and solidification of the ingot. A numerical model is proposed to investigate the influence of several decisive parameters such as arc mode (diffusive or constricted), amount of side-arcing, and gas cooling of shrinkage gap at mold-ingot interface on the solidification behavior of a Titanium-based (Ti-6Al-4V) VAR ingot. The electromagnetic and thermal fields are solved in the entire system including the electrode, vacuum plasma, ingot, and mold. The flow field in the molten pool and the solidification pool profile are computed. The depth of molten pool decreases as the radius of arc increases. With the decreasing amount of side-arcing, the depth of the molten pool increases. Furthermore, gas cooling fairly improves the internal quality of ingot (shallow pool depth) without affecting hydrodynamics in the molten pool. Modeling results are validated against an experiment.

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“…However, the alloy is proposed to contain Fe, so it has a tendency for solidification segregation which leads to beta fleck [3][4][5], The alloy does not achieve high strength levels with acceptable ductility at the same time. Accordingly, the exploring of a new titanium alloy with a balanced strength and ductility is necessary considering the practical applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%