The metabolic body size of the growing pig

Brown, Dorothy A.; Mount, L. E.

doi:10.1016/0301-6226(82)90044-6

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…For better comparison of averages, the daily weight gain and the feed intake variables were corrected for the animal metabolic weight (adjusted variable 5 variable/kg of BW 0.6 ). The exponent for the metabolic weight estimation was chosen based on a characteristic of the database, which was composed mainly of young animals (Brown and Mount, 1982;Noblet et al 1999).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analytical study of productive and nutritional interactions of mycotoxins in growing pigs

Andretta

Kipper

Lehnen

et al. 2012

Animal

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A meta-analysis was carried out in order to study the association of mycotoxins with performance and organ weights in growing pigs. A total of 85 articles published between 1968 and 2010 were used, totaling 1012 treatments and 13 196 animals. The metaanalysis followed three sequential analyses: graphical, correlation and variance-covariance. The presence of mycotoxins in diets was seen to reduce the feed intake by 18% and the weight gain in 21% compared with the control group. Deoxynivalenol and aflatoxins were the mycotoxins with the greatest impact on the feed intake and growth of pigs, reducing by 26% and 16% in the feed intake and by 26% and 22% in the weight gain. The mycotoxin concentration in diets and the animal age at challenge were the variables that more improved the coefficient of determination in equations for estimating the effect of mycotoxins on weight gain. The mycotoxin effect on growth proved to be greater in younger animals. In addition, the residual analysis showed that the greater part of the variation in weight gain was explained by the variation in feed intake (87%). The protein and methionine levels in diets could influence the feed intake and the weight gain in challenged animals. The weight gain in challenged pigs showed a positive correlation with the methionine level in diets (0.68). The mycotoxin effect on growth was greater in males compared with the effect on females. The reduction in weight gain was of 15% in the female group and 19% in the male group. Mycotoxin presence in pig diets has interfered in the relative weight of the liver, the kidneys and the heart. Mycotoxins have an influence on performance and organ weight in pigs. However, the magnitude of the effects varies with the type and concentration of mycotoxin, sex and the animal age, as well as nutritional factors.Keywords: aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, nutrition, swine, trichothecenes ImplicationsThe mycotoxin effect on animal performance is recognized. However, this effect may be modified by several factors, which are noticeable in the large variability observed in previous results. This study is innovative, because it seeks to understand and quantify the interactions among mycotoxins and other factors such as nutrition, sex or growth phase of the pigs. The meta-analysis used the complementarities among previous studies in order to highlight gaps in mycotoxicology, which is hardly studied in traditional experimental designs. Furthermore, it aimed to assist in understanding the mycotoxin effects that this approach can support in the determination of dynamic growth standards for challenged animals.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analytical study of productive and nutritional interactions of mycotoxins in growing pigs

Andretta

Kipper

Lehnen

et al. 2012

Animal

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“…Problems with indiscriminately applying the 3/4-power law to both intra-and inter-species comparisons have been noted by many others as well (e.g. Thonney et al, 1976;Brown & Mount, 1982;Heusner, 1982 ;Wieser, 1984;Dmi'el, 1986 ;KozŁowski & Weiner, 1997 ;Witting, 1998;Kooijman, 2000 ;Kvist & Lindström, 2001 ;Wuenschel et al, 2004).…”

Section: (B ) Scale Of Applicationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Beyond the ‘3/4‐power law’: variation in the intra‐and interspecific scaling of metabolic rate in animals

Glazier¹

2005

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In this review I show that the '3/4-power scaling law' of metabolic rate is not universal, either within or among animal species. Significant variation in the scaling of metabolic rate with body mass is described mainly for animals, but also for unicells and plants. Much of this variation, which can be related to taxonomic, physiological, and/or environmental differences, is not adequately explained by existing theoretical models, which are also reviewed. As a result, synthetic explanatory schemes based on multiple boundary constraints and on the scaling of multiple energy-using processes are advocated. It is also stressed that a complete understanding of metabolic scaling will require the identification of both proximate (functional) and ultimate (evolutionary) causes. Four major types of intraspecific metabolic scaling with body mass are recognized [based on the power function R=aMb, where R is respiration (metabolic) rate, a is a constant, M is body mass, and b is the scaling exponent]: Type I: linear, negatively allometric (b<1); Type II: linear, isometric (b=1); Type III: nonlinear, ontogenetic shift from isometric (b=1), or nearly isometric, to negatively allometric (b<1); and Type IV: nonlinear, ontogenetic shift from positively allometric (b>1) to one or two later phases of negative allometry (b<1). Ontogenetic changes in the metabolic intensity of four component processes (i.e. growth, reproduction, locomotion, and heat production) appear to be important in these different patterns of metabolic scaling. These changes may, in turn, be shaped by age (size)-specific patterns of mortality. In addition, major differences in interspecific metabolic scaling are described, especially with respect to mode of temperature regulation, body-size range, and activity level. A 'metabolic-level boundaries hypothesis' focusing on two major constraints (surface-area limits on resource/waste exchange processes and mass/volume limits on power production) can explain much, but not all of this variation. My analysis indicates that further empirical and theoretical work is needed to understand fully the physiological and ecological bases for the considerable variation in metabolic scaling that is observed both within and among species. Recommended approaches for doing this are discussed. I conclude that the scaling of metabolism is not the simple result of a physical law, but rather appears to be the more complex result of diverse adaptations evolved in the context of both physico-chemical and ecological constraints.

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“…Paradoxically, however, it is impossible to estimate oxygen consumption accurately in an open-circuit respiration chamber unless both oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations are measured (Brown et al 1984;McLean, 1984). To standardize for differences in body weight, results were expressed in relation to metabolic body size as g0 67 (Brown & Mount, 1982;Heusner, 1985).…”

Section: Data Logging and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of mild cold on the components of 24 hour thermogenesis in rats.

Brown

Livesey

Dauncey

1991

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The influence of two weeks' acclimation to either 28°C (thermal neutrality) or 21°C (mild cold) on 24 h heat production and motor activity has been investigated in male Wistar rats. Food intake was controlled and provided as a single meal of approximately 170 kJ per day. Mathematical modelling was used to relate metabolic rate to measured movement and time of day.2. For animals at thermal neutrality it was clear that metabolic rate increased during periods of substantial measured movement and returned to baseline during periods of minimal activity. Total heat production could therefore be divided into two components: underlying and movement-induced thermogenesis.3. At 21°C, a more complex model was needed. During periods of substantial activity, the relation between metabolic rate and movement was similar to that at 28°C and total heat production could be divided into the same two components of underlying and movement-induced thermogenesis. However, during periods of prolonged inactivity, a different model was required, which included a component of extra metabolic activity, termed supplementary thermogenesis. By fitting this model to data at 28 and 21°C, it was possible to partition 24 h heat production into the three possible sources of underlying, movement-induced and supplementary thermogenesis.4. Total 24 h heat production was approximately 25% higher for rats at 21 compared with 28°C (P < 0-01) and underlying thermogenesis was approximately 20 % higher for those in the mild cold (P < 00 1). Measured movement was significantly reduced in the mild cold (P < 0 05) although it was energetically less efficient since there was no difference in movement-induced thermogenesis, which accounted for 18 and 15% of total heat production at 28 and 21°C respectively.

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The metabolic body size of the growing pig

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Meta-analytical study of productive and nutritional interactions of mycotoxins in growing pigs

Meta-analytical study of productive and nutritional interactions of mycotoxins in growing pigs

Beyond the ‘3/4‐power law’: variation in the intra‐and interspecific scaling of metabolic rate in animals

Influence of mild cold on the components of 24 hour thermogenesis in rats.

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