The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition

Alberti, K. G. M. M.; Zimmet, Paul; Shaw, Jonathan E.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67402-8

Cited by 6,889 publications

(4,886 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Since we also wished to investigate the effect of android fat (abdominal obesity), we used waist circumference, a marker of android fat, to facilitate recruitment of women into groups with low or high android fat. For simplicity, we have referred to the group with low android fat as “lean.” A waist circumference of ≥80 cm was selected as the proxy measure of high android fat, with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in Europid women defined by the International Diabetes Federation16 and additionally, we recruited women into small waist (<80 cm, n=30), or large waist (80 to 84 cm, n=5; 85 to 91 cm, n=5; and 92 to 110 cm, n=5) categories in both menopausal groups. This was to ensure a good range of android fat in our cohort, and ensure exact matching of abdominal obesity between menopausal groups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopausal Status and Abdominal Obesity Are Significant Determinants of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Women

Hodson

Banerjee

Rial

et al. 2015

JAHA

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BackgroundAndroid fat distribution (abdominal obesity) is associated with insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and greater secretion of large very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles in men. Since abdominal obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent in women, we aimed to investigate the relationship between android fat and hepatic lipid metabolism in pre‐ and postmenopausal women.Methods and ResultsWe used a combination of stable isotope tracer techniques to investigate intrahepatic fatty acid synthesis and partitioning in 29 lean and 29 abdominally obese women (android fat/total fat 0.065 [0.02 to 0.08] and 0.095 [0.08 to 0.11], respectively). Thirty women were premenopausal aged 35 to 45 and they were matched for abdominal obesity with 28 postmenopausal women aged 55 to 65. As anticipated, abdominal obese women were more insulin resistant with enhanced hepatic secretion of large (404±30 versus 268±26 mg/kg lean mass, P<0.001) but not small VLDL (160±11 versus 142±13). However, postmenopausal status had a pronounced effect on the characteristics of small VLDL particles, which were considerably triglyceride‐enriched (production ratio of VLDL 2‐ triglyceride:apolipoprotein B 30±5.3 versus 19±1.6, P<0.05). In contrast to postmenopausal women, there was a tight control of hepatic fatty acid metabolism and triglyceride production in premenopausal women, whereby oxidation (r s=−0.49, P=0.006), de novo lipogenesis (r s=0.55, P=0.003), and desaturation (r s=0.48, P=0.012) were closely correlated with abdominal obesity‐driven large VLDL‐triglyceride secretion rate.ConclusionsIn women, abdominal obesity is a major driver of hepatic large VLDL particle secretion, whereas postmenopausal status was characterized by increased small VLDL particle size. These data provide a mechanistic basis for the hyperlipidemia observed in postmenopausal obesity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopausal Status and Abdominal Obesity Are Significant Determinants of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Women

Hodson

Banerjee

Rial

et al. 2015

JAHA

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“…However, the prevalence of visceral obesity and the WC value associated with a high risk of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease are influenced by ethnicity, age, sex and other factors4, and various WC values have already been proposed as indicators of MetS over the past decade3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Against this background, the Joint Scientific Statement on diagnostic criteria for MetS was recently published by a group of six organizations including the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the American Heart Association; the World Heart Federation; the International Atherosclerosis Society; and the International Association for the Study of Obesity10.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposed cut‐off values of the waist circumference for metabolic syndrome based on visceral fat volume in a Japanese population

Tsukiyama

Nagai

Matsubara

et al. 2016

J of Diabetes Invest

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Aim/IntroductionWaist circumference (WC) is the most important parameter for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The present study was carried out to obtain optimal WC cut‐off values for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in a Japanese population based on the measurement of total intra‐abdominal visceral fat volume (VFV), which could be expected to reflect visceral obesity more precisely than visceral fat area.Materials and MethodsA total of 405 Japanese persons undergoing health screening were investigated. visceral fat volume was calculated from the data in 700–800 computed tomography slices from the top of the liver to the floor of the pelvic cavity. Then, receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the cut‐off value of the VFV/height ratio. Subsequently, the corresponding WC value was obtained by linear regression analysis.ResultsThe cut‐off value of the VFV/height ratio was 2,317 cm3/m in men and 1,425 cm3/m in women. The sensitivity and specificity of the ratio were 52.9 and 86.4% in men vs 63.4 and 82.2% in women, respectively. The corresponding cut‐off value of WC was 86.0 cm in men and 80.9 cm in women.ConclusionsThe proposed cut‐off values of WC for metabolic syndrome are 85 cm in Japanese men and 80 cm in Japanese women.

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“…The Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) also introduced a MetS definition in 2004, and it defined BMI as a measurement of obesity4. The latest definition is the one of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), which takes into account evidence that abdominal obesity is an important component of MetS5, and proposed WC as an indication of abdominal obesity6, 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal cut‐off levels of obesity indices by different definitions of metabolic syndrome in a southeast rural Chinese population

Pan

Wang

et al. 2016

J of Diabetes Invest

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Aims/IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to compare the cut‐off values and prediction effect of different obesity indices by different definitions of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Zhejiang Province of China.Materials and MethodsWe carried out a cross‐sectional survey of 10,100 individuals (age 40 years and older) in Jiashan, Zhejiang Province. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to examine discrimination and find optimal cut off values of waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) to predict two or more non‐adipose components of MetS by The National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) definition modified by the Asia–Pacific region criteria, International Diabetes Federation definition for the Chinese population and Chinese Diabetes Society definitions of MetS.ResultsThe age‐standardized prevalence of MetS was 23.78% vs 28.76% vs 19.37% by The National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), International Diabetes Federation and Chinese Diabetes Society definitions, respectively. Cut‐off values of BMI were approximately 24 kg/m2 both in men and women by three definitions; the average cut‐off values of WC, WHR and WHtR were 83 cm in men vs 81 cm in women, 0.89 in men vs 0.86 in women and 0.50 in men vs 0.51 in women, respectively. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of BMI was larger than WC both in men and women (P < 0.05); in women, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve of WHtR was larger than WC, and WHR was smaller.ConclusionsMetS is prevalent in Zhejiang Province of China, especially in the female population. BMI and WHtR might be more useful than WC and WHR for predicting two or more non‐adipose components of MetS.

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The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition

Cited by 6,889 publications

References 18 publications

Menopausal Status and Abdominal Obesity Are Significant Determinants of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Women

Menopausal Status and Abdominal Obesity Are Significant Determinants of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Women

Proposed cut‐off values of the waist circumference for metabolic syndrome based on visceral fat volume in a Japanese population

Optimal cut‐off levels of obesity indices by different definitions of metabolic syndrome in a southeast rural Chinese population

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