The metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated circulating C-reactive protein in healthy reference range, a systemic low-grade inflammatory state

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:To elucidate the underlying mechanisms between C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiovascular disease, we examined the association of circulating CRP in healthy reference range (r1.0 mg/dl) measured by high-sensitive CRP assay with the metabolic syndrome (MS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of circulating CRP in adult men. SUBJECTS: A total of 3692 Japanese men aged 34-69 y. MEASUREMENTS: Serum CRP, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, uric acid, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: There was a statistically significant positive correlation between CRP and BMI (r ¼ 0.25), total cholesterol (r ¼ 0.096), triglycerides (r ¼ 0.22), LDL-cholesterol (r ¼ 0.12), fasting glucose (r ¼ 0.088), fasting insulin (r ¼ 0.17), uric acid (r ¼ 0.13), systolic blood pressure (r ¼ 0.12), and diastolic blood pressure (r ¼ 0.11), and a significant negative correlation of CRP with HDLcholesterol (r ¼ 0.24). After adjusting for age, smoking, and all other components of MS, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia, diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperuricemia were significantly associated with both mildly (Z0.06 mg/ dl) and moderately (Z0.11 mg/dl) elevated CRP. Compared with men who had no such components of the MS, those who had one, two, three, four, and five or more components were, respectively, 1.48, 1.84, 1.92, 3.42, and 4.17 times more likely to have mildly elevated CRP levels (trend Po0.001). As for moderately elevated CRP, the same association was observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that a variety of components of the MS are associated with elevated CRP levels in a systemic low-grade inflammatory state.

Association of High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein with the Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Individuals

“…These results are in agreement with several previous studies [12][13][14][15]. Low grade systemic inflammation as evidenced by high levels of hsCRP is suggested to be one of the mechanisms by which known risk factors such as obesity, smoking and hypertension promote the development of T2DM [1,16].…”

Relationship of High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels to Anthropometric and other Metabolic Parameters in Indian Children with Simple Overweight and Obesity

“…High CRP levels also correlate well with other parameters of MS [10]. Majority of the previous studies showing raised CRP levels in obese children are from the developed countries [4][5][6][7][8][9][11][12][13][14]. The need to generate data from the developing countries is even more in view of the recent observations and recommendations for diagnosis of obesity and MS for Asian Indians [15].…”

“…With every 1 kg/m 2 increase in BMI, odds of high hsCRP level were increased by 37% (multivariate OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.23-1.53, p-value <0.0001). Obesity related metabolic syndrome is associated with increase in the levels of a number of markers of inflammation especially CRP [4][5][6]. This subclinical or low grade inflammatory state in simple obesity is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes [8][9][10].…”

“…Although prevalence rates of MS differ due to diverse criteria applied for its diagnosis, but range between 2.3% and 35.2% in developing countries [1]. The obesity related MS is known to be associated with a low grade systemic inflammation [4][5][6]. Of the many markers used to detect this inflammatory state in obesity, C-reactive protein (CRP) has emerged as the analyte of choice [7].…”

Mediterranean diet improves erectile function in subjects with the metabolic syndrome

“…3,4 Several recent studies also suggest that a proinflammatory state and endothelial dysfunction also associate with the metabolic syndrome. [5][6][7][8][9][10] We have recently shown that subjects with the metabolic syndrome had increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) (26.7 vs 13%, P ¼ 0.03); moreover, there was an increase in ED prevalence (International Index of Erectile Function, IIEF o21) as the number of components of the metabolic syndrome increased, suggesting that the cumulative burden of cardiovascular risk may be central to the pathogenesis of ED. 11 Mediterranean-style diet rich in whole grain, fruits, vegetables, legumes, walnut, and olive oil might be effective in reducing both the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and the cardiovascular risk associated with.…”