The Method of ‘Right and Wrong Cases’ (‘Constant Stimuli’) Without Gauss's Formulae

Abstract

By C. SPEARMAN. 1. 2. Proposed general procedure. 3. Il'irst method of measuring the average limen. 4. TJbe case of equal intervals. 5. Second and slightly more accurate method of naeasuring the 6. Mean deuiation. 7. Conclusion. Need of dispensing u i t h the Gaussian formulae in ti@ method of 'right and wrong cases.' average lirnen.

Glucocorticosteroids Increase Cell Entry by Hepatitis C Virus

“…Virus titers (50% tissue culture infective dose [TCID 50 /ml]) were calculated based on the method of Spearman and Kärber [22][23] .…”

Methods of estimating the LD 50 in quantal response data

“…Karber's method is described by Gaddum (1933), Irwin (1937) and Irwin & Cheeseman (1939a,b). Epstein & Churchman (1944) have pointed out that it was first suggested by Spearman (1908). When the log doses are equally spaced, it consists in calculating…”

The Simultaneous Human FVIII/vWF Purification and Virus Inactivation Combined in Chromatographic Column

“…This choice, when it is necessary to determine whether the residual amount of infectious virus, remains reasonable until no suggestion that the new, accurate and adequate methods for this purpose there are more reliable. In fact, due to the destruction of the lipid membrane by the S/D LEV viruses lose the infectious properties and cannot be determined by the Kaerber [25] and Spearman [26] methods. Furthermore, we lost a possibility to calculate the process mass balance [20] using the virus titer.…”

“…Virus titers were determined by endpoint titration microtiter plate assay (serial dilutions, five parallel samples per dilution), examining ATCC-recommended cell lines for virus-induced changes in morphology (cytopathic effect, syncytia formation). Titers were calculated using the method of Kaerber [25] and Spearman [26] and were expressed as log 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID 50 ) [25,26]. Alternatively, if no virus was detected, a theoretical minimum detectable level (mdl) was calculated according to the formula:…”