The Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Bacteria as Biological Nanofactories, their Mechanisms and Major Applications

Ghashghaei, Sara; Emtiazi, Giti

doi:10.2174/2213529401999140310104655

Cited by 31 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, it is well accepted that the O-H stretching in alcohols and phenolic compounds are used to reduce the Ag + ions into Ag 0 in the biological synthesis of metal NPs [22][23][24]. Therefore, the FTIR analysis suggested that the bacteria in our study probably used similar reducing agents to reduce Ag + ions to Ag 0 as reported [12,[22][23][24][25]. Interestingly, a possible isothiocyanate (N=C=S) was observed in the bacteria synthesized silver NPs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Even if the mechanisms of bacterial synthesis of metallic NPs remain to be completely elucidated, it has been postulated that the presence of reducing groups that can donate electrons to metal ions, such as phenol, amide, thiols and other unsaturated bonds, of the organic matter in bacteria play an important role in reducing and binding metal ions [12,25]. To shed light into the mechanisms of bacterial NP synthesis, we analyzed the reducing functional groups using FTIR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the problems associated with biologically synthesized NPs has been morphological heterogeneity of the NPs [12][13][14]. A primary goal of this study was to investigate whether engineered E. coli cells can improve the quality of NPs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanisms of bacterial biological synthesis of metal NPs involve the presence of metal-binding protein peptides, reducing enzymes and functional groups that can donate electrons in the bacteria [4,7,12,13,[20][21][22]. FTIR is able to identify the chemical composition of biological samples.…”

Section: Identification Of the Functional Groups Involved In Reducingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is ideal that a biofactory can make NPs with consistent properties for their applications in various field of nanotechnology. Many types of microorganism have been shown to be able to synthesize various metal NPs, but with diverse properties [12][13][14][15][16]. In addition, the conditions for cultivation and maintenance of microorganisms vary for different species [14][15][16].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Enhanced Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis by Escherichia Coli Transformed with Candida Albicans Metallothionein Gene

Yuan

Bomma

2019

Materials

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In this study, the metallothionein gene of Candida albicans (C. albicans) was assembled by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), inserted into pUC19 vector, and further transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli) DH5α cells. The capacity of these recombinant E. coli DH5α cells to synthesize silver nanoparticles was examined. Our results demonstrated that the expression of C. albicans metallothionein in E. coli promoted the bacterial tolerance to metal ions and increased yield of silver nanoparticle synthesis. The compositional and morphological analysis of the silver nanoparticles revealed that silver nanoparticles synthesized by the engineered E. coli cells are around 20 nm in size, and spherical in shape. Importantly, the silver nanoparticles produced by the engineered cells were more homogeneous in shape and size than those produced by bacteria lack of the C. albicans metallothionein. Our study provided preliminary information for further development of the engineered E. coli as a platform for large-scale production of uniform nanoparticles for various applications in nanotechnology. studies have been seeking to integrate MTs in creating biological platforms for the production of metal NPs. Engineered bacteria expressing MT and/or phytochelatins have been shown to be able to produce diverse nanoparticles [9][10][11].A critical aspect in developing a microbial platform for NP synthesis is choosing a proper host microorganism. It is ideal that a biofactory can make NPs with consistent properties for their applications in various field of nanotechnology. Many types of microorganism have been shown to be able to synthesize various metal NPs, but with diverse properties [12][13][14][15][16]. In addition, the conditions for cultivation and maintenance of microorganisms vary for different species [14][15][16]. Among the microorganisms able to serve as potential biofactories for metal NP synthesis, the readily available bacteria, E. coli, is of particular interest, due to the relatively easy and simple procedures to grow, maintain and manipulate them in the lab. The potential of engineered E. coli as a common platform for synthesis of diverse NP has been explored; however, the efficiency of NP synthesis by the engineered bacteria and the potential to upgrade to large scale NP production were not examined [9][10][11].The goal of this study was to provide preliminary evidence for exploiting engineered E. coil as a platform for the large-scale production of metal NPs with controlled morphological properties. In this study, we chose C. albicans MT as a target protein and transferred a PCR-assembled C. albicans MT gene into E. coli DH5α cells to examine whether expression of C. albicans MT in E. coli would improve bacterial NP synthesis.Compared to E. coli MT, which has four cysteine out of 56 residues (7.1%), the C. albicans MT has a relatively high content of cysteine residues (15.8%). Importantly, the C. albicans has four repeats of Cys-Xaa-Cys presumably for binding metal ions, such as copper [17,18]. To examine whether the...

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