The microbiome in autoimmune diseases

Abstract

SummaryThe microbiome is represented by microorganisms which live in a symbiotic way with the mammalian. Microorganisms have the ability to influence different physiological aspects such as the immune system, metabolism and behaviour. In recent years, several studies have highlighted the role of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Notably, in systemic lupus erythematosus an alteration of the intestinal flora (lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio) has been described. Conversely, changes to the gut commensal and periodontal disease have been proposed as important factors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. At the same time, other autoimmune diseases (i.e. systemic sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome and anti-phospholipid syndrome) also share modifications of the microbiome in the intestinal tract and oral flora. Herein, we describe the role of the microbiome in the maintenance homeostasis of the immune system and then the alterations of the microorganisms that occur in systemic autoimmune diseases. Finally, we will consider the use of probiotics and faecal transplantation as novel therapeutic targets.

Intra/Extracellular Lactic Acid Exhaustion for Synergistic Metabolic Therapy and Immunotherapy of Tumors

“…[20][21][22][23] However, the immune system damage induced by tradi tional treatments and autoimmunity evoked by agonists or microorganisms cannot be ignored. [24][25][26][27][28] In this paper, an innovative intra/extracellular lactic acid exhaustion strategy was proposed in combination with ICB therapy for synergistic antitumor metabolic therapy and immunotherapy. As shown in Scheme 1, hollow MnO 2 (HMnO 2 ) nanoparticles were used as the carrier for loading 3(3pyridinyl)1(4pyridinyl)2propen1one (3PO, glycolysis inhibitor) and lactate oxidase (LOX).…”

The Impact of Dietary Components on Regulatory T Cells and Disease

“…By contrast, the addition of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus reuteri into the diet was sufficient to induce weight loss by a Treg dependent mechanism (174). Importantly, diet alters the gut microbiome (185)(186)(187) and dysregulation of intestinal microbiota is associated with autoimmunity [reviewed in (188,189)]. Wilck et al have shown that increased salt consumption affects intestinal bacterial composition in mice and humans.…”

Potential Elimination of Human Gut Resistome by Exploiting the Benefits of Functional Foods

“…This leads to mucus layer dysfunction and increased bacterial translocation. These bacteria promote the activation of DCs and macrophages by microorganismassociated molecular patterns (MAMPs) through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and they induce neutrophil chemotaxis and interleukin (IL) production (Luca and Shoenfeld, 2019). Local inflammation can lead to damage to the epithelial cells.…”

“…Antigenpresenting cells (APC) present antigens to prime and maintain T-cell responses, and B cells inhibit the production of IgA by plasma cells. Finally, the immune system's activation promotes inflammation, which ultimately leads to an array of chronic diseases (Guven-Maiorov et al, 2017;Luca and Shoenfeld, 2019). Therapeutic approaches, like phage therapy, the use of functional foods with probiotics and prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), have the potential to target specific bacterial taxa, thus helping to re-establish homeostasis and a microbiome balance (Figure 1).…”