The Microflora of Poorly Cleansed Farm Dairy Equipment

Thomas, S. B.; Druce, R. G.; King, Kay P.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1966.tb03491.x

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The associations between LPC, CC, and the majority of equipment hygiene-related factors support previous reports by Thomas et al (1966) and Reinemann et al (2003), who indicated that improperly cleansed dairy equipment and bacterial incubation on milk contact surfaces are the main source of thermoduric and gramnegative rods. These results also support the conclusion by Villar et al (1996) that thermoduric and coliform counts characterize hygienic condition of dairy equipment.…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

Risk factors for bacteriological quality of bulk tank milk in Prince Edward Island dairy herds. Part 2: Bacteria count-specific risk factors

Elmoslemany

Keefe

Dohoo

et al. 2009

Journal of Dairy Science

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A case-control study was conducted to identify specific on-farm risk factors that influence bacteriological quality of bulk tank milk in Prince Edward Island dairy herds. Total aerobic (TAC), preliminary incubation (PIC), laboratory pasteurization (LPC), and coliform (CC) counts were used to assess the bacteriological quality of bulk tank milk. Four case-control groups were defined based on the last 6 results of each test before on farm evaluation. A herd was classified as a TAC, PIC, or CC case when the herd had at least 4 high TAC, PIC, or CC counts out of the last 6 analyses for each test, respectively. For the LPC case group, a herd was required to have at least 3 high results out of the last 6 analyses. Control groups had low counts in the last 6 analyses for each test in the corresponding case group (TAC, PIC, CC, and LPC). The results of the study showed that TAC and PIC were mainly associated with cow and stall hygiene: washing the teats with water, not using teat predip, and dirty teats were risk factors. The LPC and CC were related to equipment hygiene, with high counts being associated with low temperature of the cleaning solution, high water-hardness score, and high alkalinity of alkaline detergent wash. Based on the findings of this study it can be concluded that TAC, PIC, LPC, and CC counts are of considerable value in identifying practices that could influence milk quality.

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supporting

confidence: 88%

Risk factors for bacteriological quality of bulk tank milk in Prince Edward Island dairy herds. Part 2: Bacteria count-specific risk factors

Elmoslemany

Keefe

Dohoo

et al. 2009

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Thus, it may be that milks with high total counts contain a greater proportion of these organisms so that the level of catalase remains unchanged. Such a change in bacterial flora has been reported (Thomas et al 1963), but is not great enough to fully explain the results.…”

Section: Results and Discussion R A W M I L K Q U A L I T Ymentioning

confidence: 59%

A note on the use of the Catalasemetre in assessing the quality of milk

Phillips

Griffiths

1987

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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The Catalasemetre, for assessing the quality of raw and pasteurized milk, has been studied. No correlation was found between catalase activity and bacterial counts for farm bulk tank milks within the range 5.2 X 10(2)-5.4 X 10(5) cfu/ml. Similarly, no relation was observed between catalase activity and somatic cell counts of milk (range of counts from 0.08 to 3.5). However, the catalase activity and bacterial count of pasteurized milks which had been pre-incubated at 21 degrees C for 25 h in the presence of crystal violet-penicillin-nisin to inhibit Gram-positive bacterial growth were significantly related. Thus, the use of this pre-incubation procedure coupled with the Catalasemetre to estimate bacterial growth, has potential in assessing the keeping quality of pasteurized milk samples within 25.5 h of production. Results on the thermostability of native milk catalase are also presented.

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“…When milking equipment CIP procedures are performed using hot water (≥70°C), the microflora recovered from the pipeline surface is mostly composed of thermoduric bacteria such as micrococci, coryneforms, and aerobic spore-forming rods. However, gram-negative rods and streptococci may become the dominant species recovered from the pipeline surface on farms in which cleaning procedures were carried out at lesser temperatures (Jackson and Clegg, 1965;Thomas et al, 1966Thomas et al, , 1971. When cleaning failures occur, residual soil may facilitate bacterial attachment, survival, and Wash failures were defined based on the last wash before a visit as failures to reach the normal wash water temperature (<20% of a farm's preset temperature), failure to dispense a farm's preset amount of detergent during wash, lack of water flow through ≥1 milking unit, or skipped wash.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with coliform count in unpasteurized bulk milk

Pantoja

Reinemann

Ruegg

2011

Journal of Dairy Science

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The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with bulk milk coliform count (CC). Dairy farms (n=10) were visited once weekly on sequential weekdays over a period of 10 wk. During each visit, in-line drip samplers were used to collect 1 milk sample from 2 points of the milk line (between the receiver jar and milk filters, and after the plate cooler). During the same period that in-line milk samples were collected, university personnel observed milking performance and hygiene and collected liner (n=40) and teat skin swabs (n=40). Coliform counts were determined for milk samples and swabs using Petrifilm CC plates (3M, St. Paul, MN). A mixed model was used to assess the association between in-line milk CC (ILCC) and several potential predictor variables. The mean duration of each visit was 73 min and the time between start of milking and beginning of milk sampling was 154 min. The mean number of cows milked during each visit was 236. For all milk samples (n=181), geometric mean ILCC was 37 cfu/mL. In-line milk CC varied by farm, ranging from 5 to 1,198 cfu/mL. Rate of fall-offs, rate of cluster washes, outdoor and indoor temperature, indoor humidity, sampling duration, and parity group were unconditionally associated with ILCC but did not enter the final multivariate model. In-line milk CC was 4 times greater (115 cfu/mL) when milking machine wash failures occurred compared with ILCC after normal washes (26 cfu/mL). Pre-filter and post-cooler ILCC were not different when milk samples were collected at the beginning (<33% of herd milked) or at mid-milking (33 to 66% of the herd milked), whereas pre-filter ILCC was less than post-cooler for samples collected at the end of milking (>67% of the herd milked). Geometric mean ILCC (cfu/mL) increased 6.3% for every 10% increase in in-line milk SCC (cells/mL). Geometric mean ILCC increased 2.3% for every 10% increase in liner CC (cfu/mL). Results of this study provide novel information about farm factors associated with CC, as estimated in milk before storage in tankers or bulk tanks, and highlight the importance of proper and consistent milking machine washes in minimizing bulk milk coliform contamination. The nature of the associations between liner CC, rate of cluster washes, rate of milking units fall-offs, and ILCC indicates that managing and monitoring such events has the potential for improving bacteriological quality of farm bulk milk.

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The Microflora of Poorly Cleansed Farm Dairy Equipment

Cited by 15 publications

References 19 publications

Risk factors for bacteriological quality of bulk tank milk in Prince Edward Island dairy herds. Part 2: Bacteria count-specific risk factors

Risk factors for bacteriological quality of bulk tank milk in Prince Edward Island dairy herds. Part 2: Bacteria count-specific risk factors

A note on the use of the Catalasemetre in assessing the quality of milk

Factors associated with coliform count in unpasteurized bulk milk

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