“…CMS is a prime example of recombination-induced mitochondrial dysfunction that requires nuclear input for resolution (Hanson and Bentolila, 2004;Pelletier and Budar, 2007). Novel and chimeric mitochondrial sequences are a frequent result of this recombination (Wise et al, 1987;Kennell and Pring, 1989;Wen and Chase, 1999;Gallagher et al, 2002;Okazaki et al, 2013;Yamagishi and Bhat, 2014;Tang et al, 2017), in which recombination sometimes leads to the creation of transcripts that interfere with normal male gametophyte development (Kitazaki and Kubo, 2010) via the generation of toxic and/or disruptive transmembrane proteins (Korth et al, 1991;Kim et al, 2007;Wan et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2007;Yang et al, 2009;Gulyas et al, 2010;Jing et al, 2012;Flores-Renteria et al, 2013;Ji et al, 2013;Luo et al, 2013;Okazaki et al, 2013;Park et al, 2013;Hu et al, 2014).…”