The molecular clock in terms of quantum information processing of coherent states, entanglement and replication of evolutionarily selected decohered isomers

Abstract

Evolutionary pressures have selected quantum uncertainty limits -ΔxΔp ( x ) ≥ 1/2ħ-to operate on metastable amino DNA protons. This introduces a probability of molecular clock arrangement, keto-amino → enol-imine, where product protons are entangled and participate in coupled quantum oscillation at frequencies of ∼ 10(13) s(-1). The ket "seen by" the transcriptase, reading a coherent enol-imine G'-state, is |φ >= α| + + > +β|+- > +γ|-+ > +δ|-->. The transcriptase implements its measurement and generates an output qubit of observable genetic specificity information in an interval Δt ≪ 10(-13) s. These quantum measurements can specify the relative distribution of coherent G'-C' states at time of measurement. The ensuing quantum entanglement between coherent protons and transcriptase units is utilized as a resource to generate proper decoherence and introduce selected time-dependent substitutions, ts, and deletions, td. Topal-Fresco ts are G'202 → T, G'002 → C, *G020(0) → A and *C202(2) → T, whereas td are exhibited at coherent *A-*T sites. Variation in clock 'tic-rate' is a consequence of clock introduction of initiation codons - UUG, CUG, AUG, GUG - and stop codons, UAA, UAG, UGA. Using approximate quantum methods for times t < ∼ 100 y, the probability, P(t), of keto-amino → enolimine arrangement is P ( ρ )(t) = 1/2(γ ( ρ )/ħ)(2) t (2) where γ ( ρ ) is the energy shift. This introduces a quantum Darwinian evolution model which provides insight into biological consequences of coherent states populating human genes, including inherited (CAG)( n ) repeat tracts.

Far from Equilibrium Percolation, Stochastic and Shape Resonances in the Physics of Life

“…A large interest is growing recently on the quantum physics of living matter [40]. Quantum coherence is emerging in photosynthesis [41–45] in genetics [46–49] and avian magnetoreception [50,51], quantum darwinism [52] and the entanglement production in non-equilibrium thermodynamics [53] have been proposed. The biological networks show a large heterogeneity that reduces the network entropy [54] and quantum statistics has been found to be in action [55].…”

Accuracy in Biological Information Technology Involves Enzymatic Quantum Processing and Entanglement of Decohered Isomers

“…If successful, quantum information processing by a quantum computer would significantly enhance computational power and thus expand the range of computational applications [4,5]. In the context of discussing an example quantum information system [6,7], this report presents a review of evolutionarily designed quantum information processing routinely implemented by enzyme systems of bacteriophage T4 [8,9] and human DNA systems [10][11][12][13]. This model of genetic specificity implies a quantum Darwinian evolution treatment for intrinsic time-dependent DNA instabilities.…”

“…Although most molecular genetic experiments did not attempt to measure consequences of quantum effects, time-dependent point mutations exhibited by T4 phage require quantum coherence for explanation. In this case, molecular genetic observations [8] and quantum chemical calculations [9][10][11][12][13] demonstrate that the replicase introduces metastable keto-amino complementary DNA pairs. As a consequence, quantum uncertainty limits-Δx Δp x ≥ ½ ħ-operate on amino DNA protons which drive arrangements, keto-amino → enol-imine (Figures 1 to 3).…”

“…Superscripts are suppressed for enol and imine groups). Transcriptase quantum processing [8][9][10][11][12][13] of coherent enol-imine states includes selecting particular decohered enol and imine isomers to participate in time-dependent substitutions, ts, or time-dependent deletions, td. The fact that mutation frequencies, G′2 0 2 → T & *C2 0 2 2 → T, phenotypically expressed via quantum transcription are identical to subsequent substitution frequencies, G′2 0 2 → T & *C2 0 2 2 → T, expressed as a consequence of Topal-Fresco replication of decohered isomers indicates that consequences of keto-amino → enol-imine arrangements are -hard wired‖ into the DNA code [8,9].…”

“…In the next round of replication, coherent states and entanglement are absent, so ~20% of imine *C2 0 2 2 exhibits reequilibration, *C2 0 2 2 → C0 0 2 2 2 . Data [8,17,18] and the model [9][10][11][12][13] provide evidence that evolutionary pressures have selected quantum probability laws over laws of classical kinetics for (i) introducing time-dependent -point‖ genetic alterations, (ii) transcription of coherent states occupying decoherence-free subspaces and (iii) subsequent replication-substitution or deletion of selected decohered isomers. The present and previous reports [8][9][10][11][12][13] imply that the classical double helix of duplex DNA contains an embedded microphysical subset of hydrogen bonded protons and electron lone-pairs that (a) obey quantum probability laws and (b) govern time-dependent specificity of DNA information.…”