Accuracy in Biological Information Technology Involves Enzymatic Quantum Processing and Entanglement of Decohered Isomers

Abstract

Genetic specificity information “seen by” the transcriptase is in terms of hydrogen bonded proton states, which initially are metastable amino (–NH2) and, consequently, are subjected to quantum uncertainty limits. This introduces a probability of arrangement, keto-amino → enol-imine, where product protons participate in coupled quantum oscillations at frequencies of ~ 1013 s−1 and are entangled. The enzymatic ket for the four G′-C′ coherent protons is │ψ > = α│+ − + − > + β│+ − − + > + γ│− + + − > + δ│− + − + >. Genetic specificities of superposition states are processed quantum mechanically, in an interval ∆t < < 10−13 s, causing an additional entanglement between coherent protons and transcriptase units. The input qubit at G-C sites causes base substitution, whereas coherent states within A-T sites cause deletion. Initially decohered enol and imine G′ and *C isomers are “entanglement-protected” and participate in Topal-Fresco substitution-replication which, in the 2nd round of growth, reintroduces the metastable keto-amino state. Since experimental lifetimes of metastable keto-amino states at 37 °C are ≥ ~3000 y, approximate quantum methods for small times, t < ~100 y, yield the probability, P(t), of keto-amino → enol-imine as Pρ(t) = ½ (γρ/ħ)2 t2. This approximation introduces a quantum Darwinian evolution model which (a) simulates incidence of cancer data and (b) implies insight into quantum information origins for evolutionary extinction

The molecular clock in terms of quantum information processing of coherent states, entanglement and replication of evolutionarily selected decohered isomers

“…The present and previous reports (Cooper, 1994(Cooper, , 2009a(Cooper, , 2009b(Cooper, , 2011a(Cooper, and 2011b imply that the classical double helix of duplex DNA contains an embedded microphysical subset of hydrogen bonded protons and electron lone-pairs that (a) obey quantum probability laws and (b) govern time-dependent specificity of DNA information. These evolutionarily acquired quantum mechanisms for operating microphysical genetic systems imply gains in evolutionary advantages.…”

“…An applicable quantum Darwinian evolution model (QDEM) for stochastic mutations provides an improved mathematical tool for predicting phenotypic expression of Huntington's disease as a consequence of ts + td accumu- lating in expanded (CAG) n tracts inherited by human genomes (Cooper, 1995;Richards, 2001). Phenotypic expression of Huntington's disease (Warby et al, 2009;Castel et al, 2010) in terms of the QDEM implies that the quantum molecular clock facilitates activation of genetic switches (Cooper, 2011a) that initiate enhanced susceptibility to age-related disease.…”

“…Data (Ripley, 1988;Cooper, 1994 and2009a) and the model (Cooper, 2009b(Cooper, , 2010a(Cooper, , 2011a(Cooper, and 2011b provide evidence that evolutionary pressures have selected quantum probability laws over laws of classical kinetics for (i) introducing time-dependent "point" genetic alterations, (ii) transcription of coherent states occupying decoherence-free subspaces and (iii) subsequent replication-substitution or deletion of selected decohered isomers. The present and previous reports (Cooper, 1994(Cooper, , 2009a(Cooper, , 2009b(Cooper, , 2011a(Cooper, and 2011b imply that the classical double helix of duplex DNA contains an embedded microphysical subset of hydrogen bonded protons and electron lone-pairs that (a) obey quantum probability laws and (b) govern time-dependent specificity of DNA information.…”

“…Data do not eliminate the possibility that Δt = Δt 10 −13 s. These observation underscore the necessity for developing improved theoretical models (Allemann, 2009;Bothma et al, 2010) for enzyme participation in quantum information processing, entanglement states, decoherence and implementation of molecular clock events, ts + td. Further insight into these processes will require the conduction of carefully designed interdisciplinary experiments (Arndt et al, 2009;Cooper, 2011a). …”

“…[1][2][3], thereby creating reduced energy coherent states where product enol-imine protons participate in coupled quantum oscillations at frequencies of ∼ 10 13 s −1 and are entangled (Cooper, 2009b(Cooper, , 2010b(Cooper, and 2011bVedral, 2010). Before decoherence (Zurek, 1991;Poccia et al, 2009;Biswas et al, 2010), the informational content within a coherent superposition is deciphered and processed by the transcriptase as an output qubit (Nielson and Chuang, 2000) in an interval Δt 10 −13 s. This introduces an additional entanglement (Cooper, 2010b) between coherent protons and enzyme components, which is evolutionarily implemented as a resource for "accuracy" in executing specific time-dependent molecular clock substitutions, ts (Hwang and Green, 2004;Cooper, 2011a), of decohered isomers. The evolutionarily selected clock substitutions, ts, are G 2 0 2 → T, G 0 0 2 → C, *G0 2 0 0 → A & *C2 0 2 2 → T, whereas coherent states within *A-*T sites (Fig.…”