The Molecular Detection of Equine Herpesviruses 2 and 5 in Genital Swabs From Clinically Normal Thoroughbred Mares in South Korea

Lee, Sang‐Kyu; Lee, Inhyung

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.013

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Previous studies from Hungary, Sweden, the UK [21], New Zealand [16], Poland [19], and Iceland [22] have also reported that EHV-2 is more frequently detected than EHV-5. However, in this study, lung tissue and nasal swab samples presented with a higher prevalence of EHV-5 (18.7% and 11.2%, respectively) than that of EHV-2 (13.4% and 5.5%, respectively); this finding corresponds with reports from Australia [10], Ethiopia [20], Korea [13], and Turkey [18]. When measured in different sample types such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells, conjunctival swabs, nasal swabs, or blood, comparable results were discovered in other countries [8,21,23].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…More recently in other countries, prevalence observed in nasal swab samples from Poland were EHV-2 (77.2%, 417/540), EHV-4 (0.4%, 2/540), and EHV-5 (47%, 254/540) in horses [19], and in nasal swab and blood samples from Ethiopia they were EHV-1 (3.4%, 4/119), EHV-2 (25.2%, 30/119), EHV-4 (7.6%, 9/119), and EHV-5 (28.6%, 34/119) in horses with respiratory disease or EHV-2 (7.9%, 8/101) and EHV-5 (17.8%, 18/101) in healthy horses [20]. In a previous Korean study, EHV-1 (5.6%, 5/89) and -4 (7.9%, 7/89) by real-time PCR and EHV-5 (39%, 35/89) by conventional PCR were detected only from nasal swabs from horses suffering from respiratory diseases in 2008 [12], and EHV-2 (2.3%, 10/430) and -5 (2.6%, 11/430) by conventional PCR only were detected in genital swabs from healthy horses recently [13]. We provide the first phylogenetic analysis of EHV-1 in nasal swab samples from a nationwide (in Korea) population of horses lacking clinical signs of disease, and both EHV-2 and EHV-5 were also first discovered in blood and lung tissue samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To date, EHV has been detected in Korea: a case of EHV-1 was substantiated by immunohistochemistry and reported in an aborted fetus in 1979 [11]; among horses suffering from respiratory diseases, the presence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 by real-time PCR and EHV-5 by conventional PCR were identified in nasal swab samples in 2008 [12]; and among healthy breeding horses, EHV-2 and EHV-5 were identified in genital swab samples by conventional PCR [13]. The total number of horses in Korea was reported to be 27,829 in 2017, and the horse industry continues to grow annually [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Detection and Genetic Characteristics of Equine Herpesvirus in Korea

Seo

Ouh

Lee³

et al. 2020

Pathogens

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Respiratory diseases cause significant economic losses (especially in the horse racing industry). The present study describes the detection and genetic characteristics of equine herpesvirus (EHV) from a total of 1497 samples from clinically healthy horses in Korea, including 926 blood samples, 187 lung tissues, and 384 nasal swabs. EHV-2 and EHV-5 were detected in 386 (41.7%; 95% CI: 38.5-44.9) and 201 (21.7%; 95% CI: 19.1-24.4) blood samples, respectively, and in 25 (13.4%; 95% CI: 8.5-18.2) and 35 (18.7%; 95% CI: 13.1-24.3) lung tissues, respectively. EHV-1 and EHV-4 were not detected in either blood or lung tissues. EHV-1, EHV-2, and EHV-5 were detected in 46 (12.0%; 95% CI: 8.7-15.2), 21 (5.5%; 95% CI: 3.2-7.7), and 43 (11.2%; 95% CI: 8.0-14.4) nasal swabs, respectively. EHV-4 was not detected in nasal swabs. Co-infection with EHV-2 and EHV-5 was detected in 11.6% (107/926) of the blood samples and 6.4% (12/187) of lung tissues. In nasal swabs, co-infection with EHV-1, EHV-2, and EHV-5 was detected in 0.8% (3/384) of samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the glycoprotein B gene showed that EHV-1, EHV-2, and EHV-5 strains demonstrated significant genetic diversity in Korea, with a nucleotide sequence identity among them that ranged from 95.7% to 100% for EHV-1, 96.2-100% for EHV-2, and 93.8-99.3% for EHV-5. These results are the first phylogenetic analyses of EHV-1 in Korea in nasal swabs from a nationwide population of clinically healthy horses. Both EHV-2 and EHV-5 from blood, lung tissues, and nasal swabs were also detected.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Detection and Genetic Characteristics of Equine Herpesvirus in Korea

Seo

Ouh

Lee³

et al. 2020

Pathogens

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“…Genital MusGHV-1 reactivation rates in our Irish dataset are comparable to those previously reported in an English badger population [47]. Nevertheless, the overall badger MusGHV-1 reactivation rates of 61.8% found in this study and of 50.6% (excluding cubs) in Kent et al [47] at a near 100% prevalence in blood [49] are higher than gammaherpesvirus reactivation rates reported in other species: human EBV (22-90% seropositive rate) has been reported with viral DNA isolation from 8-28% from cervical fluids and semen samples [54]; horse EHV-5 DNA has been found in 14.7% of uterine flushing samples and 2.6% of genital swabs; horse EHV-2 (79.7% seroprevalence [55]): 1.6% from uterine flushing; 2.3% from genital swabs [25,56]; reindeer CvHV-2 DNA has been found in 24% of vaginal swabs (unspecified seroprevalence) [20]; cattle BHV-4 (96.9% seroprevalence) DNA in 48.5% of uterine swabs and 51.5% of vaginal swabs [57]. The exceptionally high prevalence of MusGHV-1 DNA in badger genital tracts further strengthens that sexual transmission may be an important route in gammaherpesvirus transmission comparable to human KSHV [58] and murine MHV-4 [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Effects of Mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (MusGHV-1) Reactivation in European Badger (Meles meles) Genital Tracts on Reproductive Fitness

et al. 2020

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Reactivation of latent Gammaherpesvirus in the genital tract can lead to reproductive failure in domestic animals. Nevertheless, this pathophysiology has not received formal study in wild mammals. High prevalence of Mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (MusGHV-1) DNA detected in the genital tracts of European badgers (Meles meles) implies that this common pathogen may be a sexual transmitted infection. Here we used PCR to test MusGHV-1 DNA prevalence in genital swabs collected from 144 wild badgers in Ireland (71 males, 73 females) to investigate impacts on male fertility indicators (sperm abundance and testes weight) and female fecundity (current reproductive output). MusGHV-1 reactivation had a negative effect on female reproduction, but not on male fertility; however males had a higher risk of MusGHV-1 reactivation than females, especially during the late-winter mating season, and genital MusGHV-1 reactivation differed between age classes, where 3–5 year old adults had significantly lower reactivation rates than younger or older ones. Negative results in foetal tissues from MusGHV-1 positive mothers indicated that cross-placental transmission was unlikely. This study has broader implications for how wide-spread gammaherpesvirus infections could affect reproductive performance in wild Carnivora species.

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“…This occurs according to host immunity (6). In most asymptomatic cases, EHV-2 has been detected from the respiratory and genital tissues (3,7). In the clinically infected horses that suffer from respiratory, genital, and ocular signs, EHV-2 was identified in the relevant tissues of these cases (8-10).…”

Section: ‫الكمي‬ ‫المتسلسل‬ ‫البلمرة‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫تقنية‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫(المحلي)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of in-house Taqman qPCR assay to detect equine herpesvirus-2 in Al-Qadisiyah city

Al-Saadi¹

2020

IJVS

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EHV-2 is distributed in horses globally. It is clustered within gamma-herpesvirus subfamily and percavirus genus. EHV-2 infection has two phases: latent and lytic. In the later, EHV-2 mainly associated with respiratory and genital symptoms. However, in the quiescent phase of infection, EHV-2 stay dormant in the host till viral reactivation. Our previous study has showed that EHV-2 can be harboured by equine tendons, suggesting that leukocytes possibly carrying EHV-2 for the systemic dissemination. So far, numerous PCR protocols have been performed targeting the gB gene. However, this gene is heterogenic. Therefore, there is a need to develop a quantitative diagnostic approach to detect the quiescent EHV-2 strains. To do this, Taqman qPCR assay was developed to quantify the virus. This was performed by targeting a highly conserved gene known as DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene using constructed plasmid as a standard curve calibrator. The obtained results showed an infection frequency of 33% in which the EHV-2 load reached 6647 copies/100 ng DNA whereas the minimum load revealed as 2 copies/100 ng DNA. The median quantification was found as 141 copies/ 100 ng DNA. Establishment of a credited qPCR assay to quantify EHV-2 could be helpful in the control of the disease.

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The Molecular Detection of Equine Herpesviruses 2 and 5 in Genital Swabs From Clinically Normal Thoroughbred Mares in South Korea

Cited by 8 publications

References 29 publications

Molecular Detection and Genetic Characteristics of Equine Herpesvirus in Korea

Molecular Detection and Genetic Characteristics of Equine Herpesvirus in Korea

Effects of Mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (MusGHV-1) Reactivation in European Badger (Meles meles) Genital Tracts on Reproductive Fitness

Development of in-house Taqman qPCR assay to detect equine herpesvirus-2 in Al-Qadisiyah city

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