The monitoring, prevention and treatment of sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA): A review

Enemark, J. M. D.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.021

Cited by 327 publications

(382 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, in the current study greater VFA concentrations and lower pH indicate a disorder (SARA) in ruminal fermentation in goats fed with 65% concentrate diet for 10 weeks. SARA has been assumed to reduce the supply of nutrient precursors for milk production and then decrease milk performance in dairy cows (Kleen et al, 2003;Krause and Oetzel, 2005;Enemark, 2008;Plaizier et al, 2008;Khafipour et al, 2009). SARA induced by feeding ground alfalfa pellets or replacing 21% of the dry matter with pellets containing 50% wheat and 50% barley may reduce milk yield and milk fat, and tended to increase milk protein in lactating cows (Khafipour et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in milk performance and hepatic metabolism in mid-lactating dairy goats after being fed a high concentrate diet for 10 weeks

Dong

Sun

Cong

et al. 2017

Animal

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Feeding a high concentrate (HC) diet is a widely used strategy for supporting high milk yields, yet it may cause certain metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the changes in milk production and hepatic metabolism in goats fed different proportions of concentrate in the diet for 10 weeks. In total, 12 mid-lactating goats were randomly assigned to an HC diet (65% concentrate of dry matter, n = 6) or a low concentrate (LC) diet (35% concentrate of dry matter, n = 6). Compared with LC, HC goats produced greater amounts of volatile fatty acids and produced more milk and milk lactose, fat and protein ( P < 0.01). HC goats showed a greater concentration of ATP, NAD, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and hepatic triglycerides than LC goats ( P < 0.05). Real-time PCR results showed that messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of gluconeogenic genes, namely, glucose-6-phosphatase, pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were significantly up-regulated and accompanied greater gluconeogenic enzyme activities in the liver of HC goats. Moreover, the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes including sterol regulatory elementbinding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase mRNA was also up-regulated by the HC diet ( P < 0.05). HC goats had greater hepatic phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase than LC ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, histone-3-lysine-27-acetylation contributed to this elevation of gluconeogenic gene expression. These results indicate that lactating goats fed an HC diet for 10 weeks produced more milk, which was associated with up-regulated gene expression and enzyme activities involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis.Keywords: milk performance, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, high concentrate diet, lactating dairy goats ImplicationsFeeding a high concentrate diet to ruminants is a common strategy for maintaining high milk yields. Unfortunately, there is a strong correlation between the amount of concentrate feeding and the occurrence of acidosis and fatty liver in practice, which will decrease animal welfare and result in significant economic losses. As the vital metabolic organ, the liver is responsible for nutrient partitioning and contributes to the input of substrate precursors to the mammary gland for milk production. Therefore, it is important to investigate changes of hepatic metabolism in lactating ruminants fed a high concentrate diet, which will help elucidate the internal mechanism behind these metabolic changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in milk performance and hepatic metabolism in mid-lactating dairy goats after being fed a high concentrate diet for 10 weeks

Dong

Sun

Cong

et al. 2017

Animal

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“…The traditional system, which allows the animals to maximise their growth potential, is not devoid of problems, subacute acidosis being the most common. Concentrate diets lead to subacute ruminal acidosis by increasing volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in the rumen and the proportion of propionate and lactate, thus decreasing rumen pH (Enemark et al, 2002;Bodas et al, 2007;Enemark, 2008). These circumstances may entail a drop in blood pH and deplete blood base excess (Brossard et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total mixed ration pellets for light fattening lambs: effects on animal health

Blanco

Giráldez

Prieto

et al. 2015

Animal

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Fifty male Merino lambs (6 to 8 weeks, 14.1 kg; n = 10 per group) were used to study the effect of feeding system: barley straw in long form and concentrate pellets in separate troughs (Control), ad libitum alfalfa supplemented with concentrate in separate troughs (Alfalfa) or including various levels of ground barley straw in concentrate pellets (B05, B15 and B25 for 50, 150 and 250 g barley straw/kg), on rumen characteristics, acid-base status, blood cell counts and lymphocyte stimulation. Alfalfa lambs had the heaviest digestive tract contents, highest rumen pH values, lowest volatile fatty acid concentration, highest papillae counts and best mucosa colour and the greatest blood pCO 2 values, lowest sodium and chloride and highest potassium concentrations (P < 0.05). Including ground barley straw in the concentrate pellet or providing straw in long form separately from the concentrate reduces rumen pH and darkens ruminal mucosa as compared with alfalfa-fed lambs, thus affecting acid-base status.

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“…Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν κάποια συσχέτιση, όμως η ειδικότητα της μεθόδου ήταν χαμηλή. Συνεπώς, προτείνεται ο προσδιορισμός της καθαρής νεφρικής απέκκρισης οξέων-βάσεων (NABE) ως ένδειξη της SARA (Enemark 2008).…”

Section: παράμετροι στο ούροunclassified

“…Μία από τις πρώτες επιπτώσεις της SARA είναι η μείωση της όρεξης (Garrett 1996, Stock 2000, Garry 2002, λόγω αύξησης της οσμωτικότητας του περιε χομένου της ΜΚ (Enemark 2008). Ο Allen (2000) αποδίδει τον περιορισμό της κατανάλωσης τροφής στη μειωμένη πέψη των κυτταρινών, στην αύξηση των πτητικών λιπαρών οξέων, ειδικά του προπιονικού, καθώς και στην αύξηση της οσμωτικής πίεσης.…”

Section: μείωση της πρόσληψης ξηρής ουσίαςunclassified

“…Υπολογίζεται ότι επιφέρει ζημία 1,12 δολάρια την ημέρα ανά προσβεβλημένη αγελάδα και συνολικά 0,5-1 δισεκατομμύριο δολάρια ετησίως στη γαλακτοπαραγωγό αγελαδοτροφία των ΗΠΑ (Enemark 2008). Η νόσος θεωρείται μεγάλης σπουδαιότητας, όχι μόνο λόγω των οικονομικών επι πτώσεων, αλλά και της σύνδεσης της άμεσα με το επίπεδο ευζωίας των αγελάδων, εξαιτίας της χωλό τητας που προκαλεί μέσω της ενδονυχίτιδας (Nocek 1997, NRC 2001.…”

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Subacute ruminai acidosis in dairy cows

Kitkas

Panousis

Valergakis

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Subacute or subclinical ruminai acidosis (SARA) is one of the most important metabolic diseases of dairy cows, characterized by a decrease in pH of rumen fluid below 5.5 (up to 5), certain hours after feeding. SARA is commonly found in intensive livestock production systems; so far, its prevalence has been studied only in few countries and was found to be particularly high. The disease is caused by a decrease in rumen pH below normal level, due to an excessive increase of rumen volatile fattyacids (VFA) concentration. The increased concentration of VFA could be due to diets rich in easily fermentable carbohydrates or slow absorption of the VFA by the rumen wall, due to maladjustment in high energy diets. Finely chopped feeds that do not adequately stimulate mastication and rumination, resulting in less production of saliva that acts as a buffer of the rumen fluid pH, seem to play an important role in the etiology of the disease. The diagnosis of SARA, based on its definition, is established by rumen pH determination, at specific time intervals after feeding. Continuous pH data acquisition can be obtained, for research purposes only, by rumen cannulation and immersion in rumen fluid of a pH-meter that continuously transmits pH data to a computer. Alternatively, the pH-measuring device can be inserted orally into the rumen in a bolus form, which is also a transmittersending the pH data continuously to a computer. The latter method is very promising for clinical practice, but, unfortunately, is currently too expensive. It is easier and more affordable for practitioners to obtain a rumen fluid sample by either using a rumen tube or, preferably, by performing rumenocentesis, by which rumen fluid free of "contaminating" saliva is collected. Rumenocentesis is safe, easy to perform and more accurate than rumen tubing. The impact of SARA in dairy cows includes,amongst others, reduction of milk production, milk fat content depression, laminitis and, therefore, lameness, liver abscesses formation and, therefore, caudal vena cava syndrome, increased culling rate without any obvious cause etc. SARA treatment and prevention is mainly based on management and dietary measures that eliminate the causes of the disease.

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The monitoring, prevention and treatment of sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA): A review

Cited by 327 publications

References 74 publications

Changes in milk performance and hepatic metabolism in mid-lactating dairy goats after being fed a high concentrate diet for 10 weeks

Changes in milk performance and hepatic metabolism in mid-lactating dairy goats after being fed a high concentrate diet for 10 weeks

Total mixed ration pellets for light fattening lambs: effects on animal health

Subacute ruminai acidosis in dairy cows

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