The mortality effect of ship-related fine particulate matter in the Sydney greater metropolitan region of NSW, Australia

Broome, Richard; Cope, Martin; Goldsworthy, Brett; Goldsworthy, Laurie; Emmerson, Kathryn M.; Jegasothy, Edward; Morgan, Geoffrey G.

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.11.012

Cited by 52 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The C-CTM is a modelling framework which simulates the emissions, transport and wet and dry deposition of chemical species in the atmosphere. Previously, the C-CTM has successfully been used in several air quality applications, including investigating smoke from biomass burning [33], shipping emissions [34] and biogenic emissions [35,36].…”

Section: Regional Air Quality Modelling Using C-ctmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Air Quality in a Coastal City: Wollongong during the MUMBA Campaign

et al. 2018

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We present findings from the Measurements of Urban, Marine and Biogenic Air (MUMBA) campaign, which took place in the coastal city of Wollongong in New South Wales, Australia. We focus on a few key air quality indicators, along with a comparison to regional scale chemical transport model predictions at a spatial resolution of 1 km by 1 km. We find that the CSIRO chemical transport model provides accurate simulations of ozone concentrations at most times, but underestimates the ozone enhancements that occur during extreme temperature events. The model also meets previously published performance standards for fine particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), and the larger aerosol fraction (PM10). We explore the observed composition of the atmosphere within this urban air-shed during the MUMBA campaign and discuss the different influences on air quality in the city. Our findings suggest that further improvements to our ability to simulate air quality in this coastal city can be made through more accurate anthropogenic and biogenic emissions inventories and better understanding of the impact of extreme temperatures on air quality. The challenges in modelling air quality within the urban air-shed of Wollongong, including difficulties in accurate simulation of the local meteorology, are likely to be replicated in many other coastal cities in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Section: Regional Air Quality Modelling Using C-ctmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Air Quality in a Coastal City: Wollongong during the MUMBA Campaign

et al. 2018

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“…For UrbWellth, daytime heat stress is only one of other stressors such as night-time heat stress, traffic noise, and air pollution. Consequently, the next steps are the extension of the system by adding more models to it (e.g., a heat stress model for car passengers, atmospheric model, pollutant emission model), the application of the model to a more complex city and eventually the computation of medical outcomes e.g., years of life lost [44]. Other important steps are the thorough evaluation of the model results with real life data collected within the UrbMod project, and the subsequent evaluation of the model by applying it to other cities around the world.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Exposure to Heat Stress with a Simple Urban Model

et al. 2018

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Abstract:As a first step in modeling health-related urban well-being (UrbWellth), a mathematical model is constructed that dynamically simulates heat stress exposure of commuters in an idealized city. This is done by coupling the Simple Urban Radiation Model (SURM), which computes the mean radiant temperature (T mrt ), with a newly developed multi-class multi-mode traffic model. Simulation results with parameters chosen for the city of Hamburg for a hot summer day show that commuters are potentially most exposed to heat stress in the early afternoon when T mrt has its maximum. Varying the morphology with respect to street width and building height shows that a more compact city configuration reduces T mrt and therefore the exposure to heat stress. The impact resulting from changes in the city structure on traffic is simulated to determine the time spent outside during the commute. While the time in traffic jams increases for compact cities, the total commuting time decreases due to shorter distances between home and work place. Concerning adaptation measures, it is shown that increases in the albedo of the urban surfaces lead to an increase in daytime heat stress. Dramatic increases in heat stress exposure are found when both, wall and street albedo, are increased.

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“…Australia lags behind other developed nations in fuel [66] and vehicle emissions standards [67], and there is significant evidence for reduced health costs associated with introducing more stringent fuel [66,68,69] and vehicle emissions [70] standards in Australia. Diesel vehicle emissions are known to be carcinogenic [71] and have been identified as a particular health risk for vulnerable populations, producing toxic ultrafine particles (among other pollutants) that can penetrate deep into lungs and enter the bloodstream [72].…”

Section: Major Anthropogenic Sources Of Air Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Clean Air Plan for Sydney: An Overview of the Special Issue on Air Quality in New South Wales

et al. 2019

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This paper presents a summary of the key findings of the special issue of Atmosphere on Air Quality in New South Wales and discusses the implications of the work for policy makers and individuals. This special edition presents new air quality research in Australia undertaken by (or in association with) the Clean Air and Urban Landscapes hub, which is funded by the National Environmental Science Program on behalf of the Australian Government’s Department of the Environment and Energy. Air pollution in Australian cities is generally low, with typical concentrations of key pollutants at much lower levels than experienced in comparable cities in many other parts of the world. Australian cities do experience occasional exceedances in ozone and PM2.5 (above air pollution guidelines), as well as extreme pollution events, often as a result of bushfires, dust storms, or heatwaves. Even in the absence of extreme events, natural emissions play a significant role in influencing the Australian urban environment, due to the remoteness from large regional anthropogenic emission sources. By studying air quality in Australia, we can gain a greater understanding of the underlying atmospheric chemistry and health risks in less polluted atmospheric environments, and the health benefits of continued reduction in air pollution. These conditions may be representative of future air quality scenarios for parts of the Northern Hemisphere, as legislation and cleaner technologies reduce anthropogenic air pollution in European, American, and Asian cities. However, in many instances, current legislation regarding emissions in Australia is significantly more lax than in other developed countries, making Australia vulnerable to worsening air pollution in association with future population growth. The need to avoid complacency is highlighted by recent epidemiological research, reporting associations between air pollution and adverse health outcomes even at air pollutant concentrations that are lower than Australia’s national air quality standards. Improving air quality is expected to improve health outcomes at any pollution level, with specific benefits projected for reductions in long-term exposure to average PM2.5 concentrations.

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The mortality effect of ship-related fine particulate matter in the Sydney greater metropolitan region of NSW, Australia

Cited by 52 publications

References 35 publications

Urban Air Quality in a Coastal City: Wollongong during the MUMBA Campaign

Urban Air Quality in a Coastal City: Wollongong during the MUMBA Campaign

Modeling Exposure to Heat Stress with a Simple Urban Model

A Clean Air Plan for Sydney: An Overview of the Special Issue on Air Quality in New South Wales

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