The Mortality from Cancer of the Skin and Lip in Certain Occupations

M, Atkin; Fenning, J; Heady, J. A.; Kennaway, E. L.; Kennaway, Nancy G.

doi:10.1038/bjc.1949.1

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Where the examination of individual sites was possible we again find that they show excesses of about 190% for the ears and 110% for the arm. Taken together, these results confirm the mortality study of Atkin et al (1949) and, because the excesses occur in sites exposed to the sun, the probable cause is solar radiation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…so The results from the analysis of Tables 9a and b indicate that, for both sexes, there is no association between site and whether or not a person smoked either a pipe or cigarettes. Atkin et al (1949) have stated that, in addition to solar radiation, smoking, in particular pipe smoking, is a possible factor in cancer of the lip. However, when the lip was compared with all other sites combined, no significant associations were found with smoking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Emmett (1975) has stated that tar, pitch, shale and mineral oils are associated with skin cancer. A mortality survey of skin cancer in England and Wales by Atkin et al (1949) found that agricultural workers were at greatest risk and professional classes at least risk, with miners having a similar risk to that of the general population. However, as death from skin cancer is unusual (Emmett, 1975) and data from death certificates may not be accurate (Alderson, 1976), a morbidity study should give more reliable information as to what occupations are at risk.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Squamous cell skin cancer in the North-west of England, 1967-69, and its relation to occupation

Whitaker

Lee

Downes

1979

Occupational and Environmental Medicine

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During the three years 1967-69, 781 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin were reported to the Manchester Regional Cancer Registry. The proportions of males to females were significantly different (p < 0 001) among the skin cancer sites. The age-specific incidence rates were significantly different (p < 0-001) between the sexes for the five-year age groups of 55 years and above. Full occupational histories were obtained on 598 (77 %) patients; a further 148 (19 %) patients gave one main occupation only, while the remaining 35 (4 %) patients were untraced. The numbers of patients observed in broad occupational groups (occupational orders) were compared with the numbers expected using the 1931 and 1951 censuses. For all skin cancer sites combined the occupations of farming and textiles were found to have highly significant excesses of 1500% and 13500 respectively for males. The corresponding excesses for females were 300% for textile workers and varied from 1140 % to 590 % for farmers, but only for the farmers were the excesses highly significant. For males the occupation of metal worker also showed excesses of 38 % and 23 % which were of borderline significance. The association between occupation and individual skin cancer sites was then considered. For males there were excesses in the arm for the occupational orders of chemical workers, paper/printing workers and fishermen, and in the ears for builders, but these excesses were of borderline significance. There was a significant difference (p < 0-05) in the proportion of male patients with atopic skin conditions in each cancer site. However, this was not found for the female patients. For both male and female patients no significant associations were found between the skin site and either eye colour, residence in the tropics or smoking habit.A review of scrotal cancer in Scotland in 1967(Lloyd Davies, 1970 showed that, of the 18 confirmed cases from the Hospital Inpatient Index, only 12 were probably of occupational origin. A morbidity study by Lee et al. (1972) found that, of 89 cases of scrotal cancer, 84 were probably of occupational origin. The occupations at risk have been shown to be textile workers, in particular mule spinners, and metal workers, in particular automatic lathe operators. Occupations possibly at risk are road workers, dye workers, chain makers and 'Stanford jointers' (Henry, 1946;Cruickshank and Squire, 1950;Spink et al., 1964;Lee et al., 1972). Because scrotal cancer may be regarded as one specific site of skin cancer the questions arise,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Squamous cell skin cancer in the North-west of England, 1967-69, and its relation to occupation

Whitaker

Lee

Downes

1979

Occupational and Environmental Medicine

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“…64 The proportion of skin cancers in this series that was non-melanocytic was not reported and, during part of the period (1911-16), cancers of the penis and scrotum were included with the skin cancers. Later, standardized registration ratios (SRR) for SCC were reported to be high for male textile workers and farmers of both genders in the northwest of England.…”

Section: Racementioning

confidence: 95%

Sun exposure and non-melanocytic skin cancer

Kricker

Armstrong

English

1994

Cancer Causes Control

285

194

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Non-melanocytic skin cancer has long been regarded as one of the harmful effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health. In this review, we examine epidemiologic evidence linking sun exposure and skin cancer coming from both descriptive studies in populations and analytical studies involving estimates of exposure in individuals. Particular attention is given to the quality of the published data. The epidemiologic evidence that sun exposure causes skin cancer is mainly indirect. Incidence or mortality is inversely related to latitude in populations of mainly European origin (e.g., the United States, Australia), and is higher in people born in Australia (high ambient solar radiation) than in migrants to Australia from the United Kingdom (lower ambient radiation). Skin cancer occurs mainly at sun-exposed body sites and in people who are sensitive to the sun; a reduced capacity to repair UV-induced DNA damage appears to increase the risk. The direct evidence linking sun exposure and skin cancer is weaker with few well-conducted studies of sun exposure in individuals. Mostly, studies of total sun exposure have not found statistically significant positive associations; those that did, had not adjusted for potential confounding by age and gender and thus their interpretation is limited. Studies of occupational sun exposure had relative risks not greater than 2.0; recreational exposure has been little studied. Other measurements, less direct but potentially less prone to measurement error, are sunburn (not evidently associated with skin cancer risk) and indicators of benign cutaneous sun-damage (strongly associated but lacking empirical evidence that sun exposure is their main cause). Many questions remain about the relationship between sun exposure and skin cancer.

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“…UV radiation can cause a variety of health problems, including photokeratitis, photoconjunctivitis, cataract, pterygium, erythema, skin aging and skin cancer 1,2) . Indeed, photokeratitis 3,4) and erythema 3) often occur in workplaces where arc welding is performed, and cataract 5,6) and skin cancer [7][8][9][10] are prevalent among outdoor workers who are likely to be exposed to a large amount of solar UV radiation. As a first step toward protecting workers from these health problems, UV hazards should be evaluated in workplaces.…”

Section: Hazard Evaluation Lens Epithelial Cell Ultraviolet Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraviolet Action Spectrum for Cell Killing of Primary Porcine Lens Epithelial Cells

Okuno

Nakanishi–Ueda

Ueda

et al. 2012

Journal of Occupational Health

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Ultraviolet Action Spectrum for Cell Killing of Primary Porcine Lens Epithelial Cells: Tsutomu OKUNO, et al. Human Engineering and Risk Management Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan— Objectives The aim of this study was to determine ultraviolet (UV) action spectra for cell killing of primary porcine lens epithelial cells (LECs) that can be used to establish guidelines for evaluation of the hazard of cataract due to UV exposure in the workplace. Methods Primary porcine LECs were exposed to different doses (radiant exposure) of UV at 17 different wavelengths from 235 nm to 311 nm. At 2 days after exposure, cell viability was assessed by measuring crystal violet staining of the cells and lactate dehydrogenase release into the culture medium. The exposure dose required to kill 50% of cells (LD50) was determined from the dose‐effect relationship obtained at each wavelength and was used to construct action spectra. Results The action spectra had a broad minimum in the approximate range of 250–280 nm, indicating that UV is most hazardous to porcine LECs within this wavelength range. The spectra rose steeply at both longer and shorter wavelengths. These action spectra are consistent with the in vivo action spectra for opacities in the rabbit lens and for light scattering in the rat lens, taking the transmittance of the ocular media into account. Conclusions These results will help to determine a UV hazard function for cataract formation, which can be used to draft guidelines for evaluation of the hazard of cataract due to UV exposure in the workplace.

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The Mortality from Cancer of the Skin and Lip in Certain Occupations

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Squamous cell skin cancer in the North-west of England, 1967-69, and its relation to occupation

Squamous cell skin cancer in the North-west of England, 1967-69, and its relation to occupation

Sun exposure and non-melanocytic skin cancer

Ultraviolet Action Spectrum for Cell Killing of Primary Porcine Lens Epithelial Cells

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