The myocardial infarct-exacerbating effect of cell-free DNA is mediated by the high-mobility group box 1–receptor for advanced glycation end products–Toll-like receptor 9 pathway

Abstract

Introduction: Damage-associated molecular patterns, such as high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA), play critical roles in mediating ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). HMGB1 activates RAGE to exacerbate IRI, but the mechanism underlying cfDNA-induced myocardial IRI remains unknown. We hypothesized that the infarct-exacerbating effect of cfDNA is mediated by HMGB1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE).Methods: C57BL/6 wild type mice, RAGE knockout (KO), and Toll-like receptor 9 KO mice underwent 20-or 40-minute occlusions of the left coronary artery followed by up to 60 minutes of reperfusion. Cardiac coronary perfusate was acquired from ischemic hearts without reperfusion. Exogenous mitochondrial DNA was acquired from livers of normal C57BL/6 mice. Myocardial infarct size (IS) was reported as percent risk region, as measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and Phthalo blue (Heucotech, Fairless Hill, Pa) staining. cfDNA levels were measured by Sytox Green assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass) and/or spectrophotometer.Results: Free HMGB1 and cfDNA levels were increased in the ischemic myocardium during prolonged ischemia and subsequently in the plasma during reperfusion. In C57BL/6 mice undergoing 40 0 /60 0 IRI, deoxyribonuclease I, or anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody reduced IS by approximately half to 29.0% AE 5.2% and 24.3% AE 3.5% (P < .05 vs control 54.3% AE 3.4%). However, combined treatment with deoxyribonuclease I þ anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody did not further attenuate IS (29.3% AE 4.9%). In C57BL/6 mice undergoing 20 0 /60 0 IRI, injection of 40 0 /5 0 plasma upon reperfusion increased IS by more than 3-fold (to 19.9 AE 4.3; P < .05). This IS exacerbation was abolished by pretreating the plasma with deoxyribonuclease I or by depleting the HMGB1 by immunoprecipitation, or by splenectomy. The infarct-exacerbating effect also disappeared in RAGE KO mice and Toll-like receptor 9 KO mice. Injection of 40 0 /0 0 coronary perfusate upon reperfusion similarly increased IS. The levels of HMGB1 and cfDNA were significantly elevated in the 40 0 /0 0 coronary perfusate and 40 0 /reperfusion (min) plasma but not in those with 10 0 ischemia. In C57BL/6 mice without IRI, 40 0 /5 0 plasma significantly increased the interleukin-1b protein and messenger RNA expression in the spleen by Schematic mechanism of the HMGB1-cfDNA complex in acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Central MessageHMGB1 and cfDNA are released from the heart upon reperfusion after ischemia and contribute importantly and interdependently to the reperfusion injury by a common RAGE-TLR9-dependent mechanism.Perspective HMGB1 and cfDNA are released from infarcted myocardium into the bloodstream during reperfusion and mediate inflammatory response and exacerbate infarct size via activating splenic RAGE-TLR9 pathway. Depletion of either HMGB1 or cfDNA upon reperfusion suffices to abrogate the reperfusion injury. These results will help to develop novel therapeutical strategies to reduce myocard...

Mining Clinical Case Reports to Identify New Lines of Investigation in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Curious Case of DNase I

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Effects of Circulating HMGB-1 and Histones on Cardiomyocytes–Hemadsorption of These DAMPs as Therapeutic Strategy after Multiple Trauma

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