The nanotechnology among US: are metal and metal oxides nanoparticles a nano or mega risk for soil microbial communities?

<p>The Toxicity Of Metallic Nanoparticles On Liver: The Subcellular Damages, Mechanisms, And Outcomes</p>

“…Of all the NPs, metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have generated considerable commercial interest owing to unique properties of NPs such as small size and the greater surface area to volume ratio as well as different electronic, magnetic, optical, and mechanical properties and also particle shape. MNPs mainly include metal nanoparticles and metal oxide nanoparticles, and MNPs have been widely included in a great diversity of products and the various fields, such as electronic devices, cosmetics, paints, additives in food, and biological and medical systems 2,3. With the widespread application of MNPs, it is inevitable that MNPs will be released into the environment or contact with humans directly.…”

Biostimulation and toxicity: The magnitude of the impact of nanomaterials in microorganisms and plants

“…However, some studies estimate that the soil receives a significantly higher amount of polluting NMs compared to water and air [91] . In this regard, it has been widely documented that process associated to waste decomposition and biochemical cycles, organic mineralization, hydrolytic enzymes, nitrification and interaction with crops and wild plant in soil carried out by microorganisms, may be affected by NMs [30] , [92] . On the other hand, positive responses also have been reported [13] , however, the specific mechanisms have not been completely elucidated yet ( Fig.…”

“…Soil bacteria are considered a risk group due to the influence of the antimicrobial activity of some NPs, such as silver (AgNps) or copper (CuNps) nanoparticles [102] , [103] . Many studies have been carried out about the direct effect of NPs on soil microorganisms, obtaining a great diversity of results, ranging from negative to positive effects [30] . According to cell structure, Gram-negative bacteria could be less sensitive to NMs than Gram-positive but is not always.…”

“…According to cell structure, Gram-negative bacteria could be less sensitive to NMs than Gram-positive but is not always. [30] indicated that the toxicity of NPs on microorganisms depends on parent material, size, shape, and coating. Moreover, has been demonstrated that metal nanoparticles such as Zn oxides (ZnO-NPs), cerium oxide (CeO 2 -NPs), copper and copper oxides (CuNPs-CuO-NPs), iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 -NPs), silver (Ag-NPs) or titanium dioxide (TiO 2 -NP) can modify the composition of soil microbial communities [92] .…”

“…Different reviews have described the experimental information about the interaction between the NMs with biological organisms, pointing out the physical and chemical interactions [21] , [24] , [27] , [28] and the different responses observed in different species of microorganisms [29] , [30] , fungi [31] and plants [32] , [33] , [34] ; It has also been written about the transit of materials in ecosystems and food chains [12] , [35] . We published a review in 2019, proposing that NMs be categorized as biostimulant compounds [1] .…”