The NATO “Defender 2020” exercise in the Baltic States: Will measured escalation lead to credible deterrence or provoke an escalation?

Ploom, Illimar; Śliwa, Zdzisław; Veebel, Viljar

doi:10.1080/01495933.2020.1772626

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…In the last year of Trump's presidency, the U.S-led multinational military exercises, including NATO, were conducted from February to mid of March 2020, known as "Exercise Defender-Europe 20 (Ploom et al, 2020)." It reinstated the US resolve to stand by its NATO Allies.…”

Section: Assertive Moscow Towards Nato: 2011-2020mentioning

confidence: 99%

Russia – NATO Uneasy Ties: Transformation, Cooperation to NATO Accession

2023

FWU Journal

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Russian Federation re-emerged on the global map in December 1991. It was one of the Soviet Republics since the communist party took over in 1922, and after about two decades, it became one of the two superpowers. The Soviet communist ideology was a deterrent to the United States-- the capitalist superpower. The US established a collective security organization for Western European countries called NATO to contain the expansion of communism. The fall of communism and the disintegration of the Soviet Union ended the cold war; however, the Alliance was not dissolved. Since the last decade of the twentieth century, Russia and NATO have transformed and sought ways to cooperate. However, the accession policy of NATO became a threat to Russia. The article contributes to understanding deep-rooted issues between Russia and NATO. It examines their transformation and cooperation phases. It deals with the post-cold war accession policy of NATO and Russian concerns over it. The paper analysis various forums of their cooperation and inquiries why NATO's membership was not extended to Russia. It further delves into the significance of Ukraine for Russia. Diverse research methodologies are adopted in this research work.

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Section: Assertive Moscow Towards Nato: 2011-2020mentioning

confidence: 99%

Russia – NATO Uneasy Ties: Transformation, Cooperation to NATO Accession

2023

FWU Journal

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“…2 (5) defines international exercises as: "preparation exercises for military operations It was adopted at the 269th Plenary Meeting of the OSCE Forum for Security Cooperation in Istanbul on 16 November 1999. 13 Following a decade of negotiations, parties to the Document agreed to annually exchange information on their military forces in regard to military organisation, manpower and major weapon and equipment systems. 14 Art.…”

Section: Military Exercises Used Maliciouslymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As synonymous wording, the Vienna Document used "military activities", which can be understood as meaning that states were and remain unwilling to precisely determine what they understand 12 Republic of Lithuania Law on International Operations, Military Exercises and other Military Co-Operation Events, 19 July 1994, No I-555 (As Last Amended On 27 June 2018 -No Xiii-1313). 13 OSCE, Vienna Document of the Negotiations on Confidence-and Security-Building Measures, FSC.DOC/1/99 16 November 1999.…”

Section: Military Exercises Used Maliciouslymentioning

confidence: 99%

International legal framework regulating military exercises Lawfare potentially associated with military exercises as a hybrid threat

Siekiera

2023

Kwartalnik Prawa Międzynarodowego

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This article analyses international law norms and diplomatic mechanisms concerning militaryexercises. As such a topic is relatively new, with the international legal system being breachedby authoritarian regimes using lawfare, the legal aspects of military exercises have not yetbeen researched and thus require more focus, especially from the standpoint of hybrid threats.International law itself is leaky and lacks enforcement measures, since sanctions are not anelement of the international legal arrangement. It lacks a centralised enforcement mechanism,the principles and rules governing responsibility for wrongful acts require the wrongdoerscooperation, and the mechanisms and procedures to deal with the consequences of suchwrongful acts, including restitution and compensation, are not universally recognised. Mostcountries in the global arena follow the paradigm of the United Nations, where states mustmaintain their relations in a peaceful manner in order to achieve security and stability. However,some undemocratic states, mainly the Russian Federation and the Peoples Republicof China, have been presenting hostile postures towards the Western worlds values, wherehuman life tops the hierarchy of protected values. Traditionally, military exercises have beenused as a messaging tool between strategic competitors and potential adversaries to signaltheir own military strength. Russia and China are fully aware of the lack of hard law concerningthe subject of military exercises; they readily seize the resulting opportunities to create andexploit legal grey zones, as well as to frequently breach international law, while knowing thatlittle can be done against their malevolent conduct.

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“…The nations has created close partnership with U.S. National Guard as follows Estonia -Maryland, Lithuania -Pennsylvania, Latvia -Michigan, to strengthen relations and to exchange experiences when building own structures. The cooperation with other nations, including newly created Poland's Territorial Defence Forces, was followed (Ploom, Sliwa and Veebel, 2020). The territorial defence forces are playing very important role in those nations however, their structure, subordination, tasks are different in nature, and it is connected with their specific characteristics.…”

Section: Territorial Defence Forces In Baltic Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baltic visions and dilemmas of territorial defence after 16 years in NATO

Załęski¹,

Śliwa²,

Veebel³

2020

Journal of International Studies

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The concepts of development of territorial defence forces and capabilities are different within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and are closely linked with specific characteristics of respective nations. Moreover, it is linked with historic circumstances, culture, composition of society and other specific domains. Changes in the internal and international security environment are further affecting decisions about selecting specific defence and deterrence models. The security on the Eastern Flank of the NATO has progressed visibly after 2014 events in Ukraine, causing investments into Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian territorial defence as a recognition of their value to support their armed forces. The aim of the current research is to analyse the ongoing evolution of territorial defence forces of three Baltic countries in broader regional perspective in light of changed threat perception and risk assessments.

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The NATO “Defender 2020” exercise in the Baltic States: Will measured escalation lead to credible deterrence or provoke an escalation?

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Russia – NATO Uneasy Ties: Transformation, Cooperation to NATO Accession

Russia – NATO Uneasy Ties: Transformation, Cooperation to NATO Accession

International legal framework regulating military exercises Lawfare potentially associated with military exercises as a hybrid threat

Baltic visions and dilemmas of territorial defence after 16 years in NATO

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