The Natural History of West Nile Fever I. Clinical Observations During an Epidemic in Israel1

Marberg, Kurt; Goldblum, Natan; Sterk, Velimir V.; Jasinska-Klingberg, Wanda; Klingberg, Marcus A.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119838

Cited by 60 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…Epidemics of WN viral disease occurred in Israel in the 1950s and in 1980 (7,8). During 1997 and 1998, WN virus was reported, for the first time, as the cause of illness and death among domestic geese in Israel.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Encephalitis in Israel, 1999: The New York Connection

Giladi

Metzkor-Cotter

Martin

et al. 2001

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Encephalitis in Israel, 1999: The New York Connection

Giladi

Metzkor-Cotter

Martin

et al. 2001

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Mosquito collections were made at 14 sites representing 12 geographic areas ( Figure 1). Ten sites (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)12, and 14) were located within urban Bucharest. The IAS was sampled at one site, site 13.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6][7][8] Isolation of WN virus and detection of antibodies to WN virus in avian sera demonstrate that WN virus periodically circulates in Europe; 2,[8][9][10] however, the only previously documented WN fever outbreak in Europe was a small epidemic that occurred in the Rhone River Delta of France in 1962. 11 Between July and October 1996, a WN fever epidemic occurred in the southern plain and Danube Valley of Romania and in the capital city of Bucharest, resulting in hundreds of neurologic cases and 17 fatalities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes.

Savage

Ceianu²,

Nicolescu³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

254

167

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Abstract. Between July and October 1996, a West Nile (WN) fever epidemic occurred in the southern plain and Danube Valley of Romania and in the capital city of Bucharest, resulting in hundreds of neurologic cases and 17 fatalities. In early October 1996, entomologic and avian investigations of the epidemic were conducted in the city of Bucharest and nearby rural areas. Thirty (41%) of 73 domestic fowl sampled had neutralizing antibody to WN virus, including 5 of 13 ducks (38%), 1 of 1 goose, 19 of 52 chickens (37%), 1 of 1 peahen, and 4 of 6 turkeys (67%). Seroprevalence in domestic fowl (27%, or 7 of 26) from the urban Bucharest site was not significantly different (P ϭ 0.08, by Fisher's exact test) than rates at three rural sites (50%, or 23 of 46). Serum collected from one of 12 Passeriformes, an Erithacus rubecula, was positive for neutralizing antibody to WN virus. A total of 5,577 mosquitoes representing seven taxa were collected. Culex pipiens pipiens accounted for 96% of the mosquitoes collected. A single virus isolate, RO97-50, was obtained from a pool of 30 Cx. p. pipiens females aspirated from the walls and ceiling of a blockhouse located near the center of Bucharest, resulting in a minimum infection rate of 0.19 per 1,000. Antisera prepared against RO97-50 failed to distinguish among RO97-50, WN virus strain Eg101, and Kunjin (KUN) virus strain MRM16. A 2,323-basepair DNA fragment of the envelope (E) glycoprotein gene from RO97-50 and a Romanian WN virus strain obtained from a human cerebrospinal fluid sample, RO96-1030, were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of 23 WN virus strains and one KUN virus strain using the amino acid and nucleotide sequences for a small portion of the E gene suggest the existence of two large lineages of viruses. Bootstrap analysis of the nucleotide alignment indicated strong support (95%) for a lineage composed of WN virus strains from northern Africa, including isolates from Egypt and Algeria, and west, central, and east Africa, all of the European isolates, those from France and Romania, an Israeli isolate, and an isolate of KUN virus from Australia. The nucleotide sequence of RO97-50 was identical to the sequence of a WN virus isolate obtained from Cx. neavei mosquitoes from Senegal and Cx.

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“…In hyperendemic areas, relatively mild infection occurs early in childhood, and adult populations are largely immune, but in regions of less intense virus activity, epidemics occur, affecting all age groups (McIntosh et al, 1976). The severity of disease increases with age; adolescents and young adults experience denguelike disease, whereas the elderly sometimes develop meningoencephalitis (Marburg et al, 1956).…”

Section: Medical Importance Of the Flavivirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%