The natural occurrence of unusual fatty acids. Part 1. Odd numbered fatty acids

Diedrich, Matthias K.; Henschel, K.‐P.

doi:10.1002/food.19900341020

Cited by 35 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Yak cheese had 59% higher (P < 0.001) total odd-and branched-chain FA content than DC ( Table 2). Microbes synthesize a significant amount of odd-and branched-chain FA in rumen, which are transferred into milk and body fat (33). The content of these FA in ruminant animal products, such as cheese, therefore, is considered a reflection of microbial activities in the rumen.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acid Composition of Yak (Bos grunniens) Cheese Including Conjugated Linoleic Acid and trans-18:1 Fatty Acids

Or-Rashid

Odongo

Subedi

et al. 2008

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The esterified fatty acid composition of cheese (YC) from yak (Bos grunniens), reared in the highlands of the Nepalese Himalayas, was studied using capillary gas-liquid chromatography and compared with that of dairy cow Cheddar cheese (DC) purchased in a local market. The YC was collected from Dolakha, Nepal. The YC had a lower (P < 0.001) myristic acid (C14:0; 6.7 vs 10.3%, YC vs DC, respectively) and palmitic acid content (C16:0; 23.3 vs 29.2%, YC vs DC, respectively) compared to DC. The YC had a lower (P < 0.01) total medium-chain saturated fatty acids (C10:0-C16:0) content compared to DC (36.7 vs 47.3%, YC vs DC, respectively). On the other hand, the YC had a 24.8% higher (P < 0.01) level of total long-chain saturated fatty acids (C17:0-C26:0) and a 3.2 times higher (P < 0.001) content of total n-3 PUFA than DC. The ratio of n-3 PUFA to n-6 PUFA in YC was 0.87 compared to 0.20 in DC. YC had a 2.8 times higher (P < 0.001) total trans-18:1 (9.18 vs 3.31%, YC vs DC, respectively) content. The percentage of vaccenic acid (trans-11-C18:1) in YC was 4.6 times higher (6.23 vs 1.35% of total fatty acids, YC vs DC, respectively) than in DC. Vaccenic acid constituted 67.9% of total trans-C18:1 in YC. The ∆9-desaturase index for YC was lower than that of DC. The total conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in YC was 2.3% of total fatty acids compared to 0.57% in DC. The cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer in YC constituted 88.5% of the total CLA. The results suggest that cheese from yak, grazed on Himalayan alpine pastures, may have a more healthful fatty acid composition compared to cheese manufactured from dairy cattle fed grain-based diets.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acid Composition of Yak (Bos grunniens) Cheese Including Conjugated Linoleic Acid and trans-18:1 Fatty Acids

Or-Rashid

Odongo

Subedi

et al. 2008

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…When it became clear that milk allantoin was not a useful predictor for microbial protein yield from the rumen, attention turned to the study of OBCFAs, which are components of rumen microbes that are transferred to milk at a much higher level. OBCFAs are not normally present in plant-derived feeds (Diedrich and Henschel, 1990), though some forages can have modest levels of the anteiso-C 15:0 homologue (Kim et al, 2005). They have long been recognised as a signature of ruminant fats (e.g.…”

Section: Methods To Estimate Rumen Methanogen Abundancementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical markers for rumen methanogens and methanogenesis

McCartney

Bull

Dewhurst

2013

Animal

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The targeting of mcrA or 16S rRNA genes by quantitative PCR (qPCR) has become the dominant method for quantifying methanogens in rumen. There are considerable discrepancies between estimates based on different primer sets, and the literature is equivocal about the relationship with methane production. There are a number of problems with qPCR, including low primer specificity, multiple copies of genes and multiple genomes per cell. Accordingly, we have investigated alternative markers for methanogens, on the basis of the distinctive ether lipids of archaeal cell membranes. The membranes of Archaea contain dialkyl glycerol ethers such as 2,3-diphytanayl-O-sn-glycerol (archaeol), and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) such as caldarchaeol (GDGT-0) in different proportions. The relationships between estimates of methanogen abundance using qPCR and archaeol measurements varied across primers. Studies in other ecosystems have identified environmental effects on the profile of ether lipids in Archaea. There is a long history of analysing easily accessible samples, such as faeces, urine and milk, to provide information about digestion and metabolism in livestock without the need for intrusive procedures. Purine derivatives in urine and odd-chain fatty acids in milk have been used to study rumen function. The association between volatile fatty acid proportions and methane production is probably the basis for empirical relationships between milk fatty acid profiles and methane production. However, these studies have not yet identified consistent predictors. We have evaluated the relationship between faecal archaeol concentration and methane production across a range of diets in studies on beef and dairy cattle. Faecal archaeol is diagnostic for ruminant faeces being below the limit of detection in faeces from non-ruminant herbivores. The relationship between faecal archaeol and methane production was significant when comparing treatment means across diets, but appears to be subject to considerable between-animal variation. This variation was also evident in the weak relationship between archaeol concentrations in rumen digesta and faeces. We speculate that variation in the distribution and kinetics of methanogens in the rumen may affect the survival and functioning of Archaea in the rumen and therefore contribute to genetic variation in methane production. Indeed, variation in the relationship between the numbers of micro-organisms present in the rumen and those leaving the rumen may explain variation in relationships between methane production and both milk fatty acid profiles and faecal archaeol. As a result, microbial markers in the faeces and milk are unlikely to relate well back to methanogenesis in the rumen. This work has also highlighted the need to describe methanogen abundance in all rumen fractions and this may explain the difficulty interpreting results on the basis of samples taken using stomach tubes or rumenocentesis.

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“…OBCFAs only occur at trace levels in most plants; they are easy to measure and are stable compounds, fulfilling the requirements for an internal marker (Diedrich and Henschel, 1990). Fatty acid compositions of LAB and SAB are different; total fatty acid content of SAB is higher than that of LAB (Vlaeminck et al, 2006b).…”

Section: Passage Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that variations in the profile of OBCFA from the rumen can be considered to be mainly a reflection of changes in the relative abundance of specific bacterial populations in the rumen (Vlaeminck et al, 2006a). The fatty acid composition of rumen bacteria is characterized by a large proportion of OBCFA in their membrane lipids (C15:0, iso C15:0, ante-iso C15:0, C17:0, iso C17:0, ante-iso C17:0 and C17:1; Kaneda, 1991).OBCFAs only occur at trace levels in most plants; they are easy to measure and are stable compounds, fulfilling the requirements for an internal marker (Diedrich and Henschel, 1990). Fatty acid compositions of LAB and SAB are different; total fatty acid content of SAB is higher than that of LAB (Vlaeminck et al, 2006b).…”

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confidence: 99%

Understanding the equine cecum-colon ecosystem: current knowledge and future perspectives

Santos¹,

Rodrigues²,

Bessa³

et al. 2011

Animal

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Having evolved as a grazing animal, a horse's digestive physiology is characterized by rapid gastric transit, a rapid but intense enzymatic digestion along the small intestine, and a long and intense microbial fermentation in the large intestine. The process of understanding and describing feed degradation mechanisms in the equine digestive system in general, and in the hindgut ecosystem in particular, is essential. Regardless of its importance for the nutritional status of the host, the significance of the cecum-colon ecosystem has not yet been fully understood, and few reports have focused deeply on the contribution of the hindgut microbial population to the nitrogen and energy requirements of the horse. Compared to ruminal activity, very little is known about hindgut ecosystem activity in the horse. Information concerning the metabolism of this microbial population and its requirements is lacking. The use of internal bacterial markers for quantifying microbial outflow in ruminants is widely reported. These techniques can be applied to cecum-colon microbial quantification, contributing to a better characterization of this ecosystem. It is likely wrong to believe that the optimization strategy in the hindgut is similar to what happens in the rumen -that is, to maximize microbial growth and, therefore, fermentation. If we consider the type of substrate that, in normal conditions, arrives in the hindgut, we can expect it to be nitrogen limiting, providing limited nitrogen-based substrates for microbial fermentation. In this review paper, we intend to gather existing information on the equine ecosystem and to provide future perspectives of research.Keywords: horse, cecum, colon, digestive strategy ImplicationsThe process of understanding and describing degradation mechanisms in the equine digestive ecosystem in general, and in the hindgut in particular, is essential to provide information for proper feeding practices to be implemented. Regardless of its importance for the nutritional status of the host, the significance of hindgut fermentation has not yet been fully understood, and few reports have focused deeply on the contribution of the hindgut microbial population to the nitrogen and energy requirements of the horse. In this review paper, we intend to gather existing information on the equine ecosystem and to provide future perspectives of research. IntroductionHorses are free-ranging herbivores of grassland environments adapted to eat large quantities of high fiber feeds (Janis, 1976;Bennett, 1980). Nowadays, with the increase of their use in sports and leisure, many horses are housed during long periods of time and fed daily on two or three meals of forages plus concentrate. The forage component of the diet is sometimes characterized by having low-tomedium energy concentration and variable levels of fiber and protein (Micol and Martin-Rosset, 1995). This pattern of feed supply is not as expected by the horse's phylogenetic adaptation to grassland environments (Janis, 1976). These management procedures have i...

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The natural occurrence of unusual fatty acids. Part 1. Odd numbered fatty acids

Cited by 35 publications

References 67 publications

Fatty Acid Composition of Yak (Bos grunniens) Cheese Including Conjugated Linoleic Acid and trans-18:1 Fatty Acids

Fatty Acid Composition of Yak (Bos grunniens) Cheese Including Conjugated Linoleic Acid and trans-18:1 Fatty Acids

Chemical markers for rumen methanogens and methanogenesis

Understanding the equine cecum-colon ecosystem: current knowledge and future perspectives

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