The Nature of Lithium Battery Materials under Oxygen Evolution Reaction Conditions

Lee, Seung Woo; Carlton, Christopher E.; Risch, Marcel; Surendranath, Yogesh; Chen, Shuo; Furutsuki, Sho; Yamada, Atsuo; Nocera, Daniel G.; Shao‐Horn, Yang

doi:10.1021/ja307814j

Cited by 308 publications

(312 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…a current density of B2.3 mA cm À 2 at B1.7 V). This poor OER activity of LiCoO 2 was consistent with the data observed previously 25 . In sharp contrast, De-LiCoO 2 showed markedly improved OER activity with a reduced onset potential of B1.52 V (red line in Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Electrochemical tuning of layered lithium transition metal oxides for improvement of oxygen evolution reaction

et al. 2014

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Searching for low-cost and efficient catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction has been actively pursued owing to its importance in clean energy generation and storage. While developing new catalysts is important, tuning the electronic structure of existing catalysts over a wide electrochemical potential range can also offer a new direction. Here we demonstrate a method for electrochemical lithium tuning of catalytic materials in organic electrolyte for subsequent enhancement of the catalytic activity in aqueous solution. By continuously extracting lithium ions out of LiCoO 2 , a popular cathode material in lithium ion batteries, to Li 0.5 CoO 2 in organic electrolyte, the catalytic activity is significantly improved. This enhancement is ascribed to the unique electronic structure after the delithiation process. The general efficacy of this methodology is demonstrated in several mixed metal oxides with similar improvements. The electrochemically delithiated LiCo 0.33 Ni 0.33 Fe 0.33 O 2 exhibits a notable performance, better than the benchmark iridium/carbon catalyst.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Electrochemical tuning of layered lithium transition metal oxides for improvement of oxygen evolution reaction

et al. 2014

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“…2). 11,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] Studying differences in the TOF rather than the overpotential allows one to draw comparisons with molecular catalysts and biocatalysts. Most notably, a key oxygen-evolving complex is used in photosystem II, one of the protein complexes involved in photosynthesis.…”

Section: Reaction (Oer) and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (Her) For Enmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward the rational design of non-precious transition metal oxides for oxygen electrocatalysis

Hong

Risch

Stoerzinger

et al. 2015

Energy Environ. Sci.

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REVIEWThis journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 1 In this Review, we discuss the state-of-the-art understanding of non-precious transition metal oxides that catalyze the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. Understanding and mastering the kinetics of oxygen electrocatalysis is instrumental to making use of photosynthesis, advancing solar fuels, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and metal-air batteries. We first present key insights, assumptions and limitations of well-known activity descriptors and reaction mechanisms in the past four decades. The turnover frequency of crystalline oxides as promising catalysts is also put into perspective with amorphous oxides and photosystem II. Particular attention is paid to electronic structure parameters that can potentially govern the adsorbate binding strength and thus provide simple rationales and design principles to predict new catalyst chemistries with enhanced activity. We share new perspective synthesizing mechanism and electronic descriptors developed from both molecular orbital and solid state band structure principles. We conclude with an outlook on the opportunities in future research within this rapidly developing field. Broader ContextThe formation of chemical bonds is an energy dense mode of storing energy. In both nature and technology, the electrochemical generation and consumption of fuels is one of the most efficient routes for energy usage. Solar and electrical energy can be stored in chemical bonds by splitting water or metal oxides to produce hydrogen and metal. These compounds can then be oxidized to produce energy when coupled to the reduction of oxygen. However, these device efficiencies are severely limited by the catalysis of oxygen electrochemical processes -namely the oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, which have slow kinetics. Non-precious transition metal oxides show promise as cost-effective substitutes for noble metals in commercially viable renewable energy storage and conversion devices. Furthermore, this class of materials has ben efitted from a wealth of spectroscopic and first-principles studies in the past few decades, providing the frameworks and theories needed to understand the electronic structure and design optimal catalysts. The incredibly diverse range of chemistries and physical properties that can be explored in oxide families afford numerous degrees of freedom for conducting systematic investigations relating intrinsic mat erial properties to catalytic performance. Here, we present background on the fundamental concepts in catalysis for the rational design of transition metal perovskite oxide catalysts for oxygen electrocatalysis and critically examine the current understanding a nd its impact on future directions of perovskite catalysts.

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“…The mechanism of the formation/decomposition of Li 2 O 2 has not yet been established with certainty. [125][126][127][128][129][130] The non-conductive solid Li 2 O 2 precipitate [ 11,82,130,131 ] can accumulate on the porous substrate structure, causing blockage of the available surface area for further formation of Li 2 O 2 . The transfer pathway for oxygen gas and lithium ions can also be clogged by Li 2 O 2 precipitate, resulting in an increase in cell resistance.…”

Section: The Cathode Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

The Lithium/Air Battery: Still an Emerging System or a Practical Reality?

et al. 2014

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gas. At the same time, the penetration of renewable energy sources has opened up the possibility of creating a CO 2 -neutral mobility system, where electric vehicles are powered by wind, hydro, and solar energy.Broad fi nancial efforts are being made at a governmental and industrial level to fund research into new areas of energy storage. The U.S. Department of Energy has allocated $20 million to energy storage research in 2012 and $15 million the following year, while the German government has committed itself to ¤200 million between 2011 and 2018; [ 1 ] similar schemes are also being promoted in Japan by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). The EU-backed "Horizon 2020" program aims at funding research into energy storage technologies, a fi eld where the European Union lags behind the U.S. and East Asia. [ 2 ] Lithium-ion technology has established itself as a type of reliable energy-storage chemistry over the past 20 years, fi rst being used in camcorders, then mobile phones, laptops, and more recently electric cars. However, as the size of the battery pack increases, so does the belief that the cost per kW h and its energy density are not suitable for practical vehicle applications. The Tesla Model S, which sports a 400 km driving range, does so with a whopping 85 kW h battery pack that alone has up to twice the price of a standard economy car. With a current cost higher than 400 $ kW h −1 , electric cars have so far only entered a niche, high-end market where users are willing to pay a premium. Resizing the battery pack, and so the total cost of an electric car, results in a limited driving range (typically 100-150 km) that automatically restricts the use for long-haul journeys and triggers the so-called "range anxiety" feeling. For these reasons, the need to develop energy-storage technologies that enable at least a 500 km driving range, while retaining the same battery pack volume at an affordable price, is of primary interest for governments and car manufacturers. A Brief History of Lithium/Air BatteriesOver the years, the scientifi c community has focused its interest on advanced lithium-ion and fuel cells with only incremental improvements being made. Lithium-ion technology in particular is predicted to reach an asymptotic limit in specifi c Lithium/air is a fascinating energy storage system. The effective exploitation of air as a battery electrode has been the long-time dream of the battery community. Air is, in principle, a no-cost material characterized by a very high specifi c capacity value. In the particular case of the lithium/air system, energy levels approaching that of gasoline have been postulated. It is then not surprising that, in the course of the last decade, great attention has been devoted to this battery by various top academic and industrial laboratories worldwide. This intense investigation, however, has soon highlighted a series of issues that prevent a rapid development of the Li/air electrochemical system. Although several breakthroughs have be...

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The Nature of Lithium Battery Materials under Oxygen Evolution Reaction Conditions

Cited by 308 publications

References 36 publications

Electrochemical tuning of layered lithium transition metal oxides for improvement of oxygen evolution reaction

Electrochemical tuning of layered lithium transition metal oxides for improvement of oxygen evolution reaction

Toward the rational design of non-precious transition metal oxides for oxygen electrocatalysis

The Lithium/Air Battery: Still an Emerging System or a Practical Reality?

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