The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.

Rogers, Carl R.

doi:10.1037/h0045357

Cited by 3,838 publications

(1,180 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Several theories have contributed to the development of our model relative to the impact of therapist behaviors. Carl Rogers (1957) believed that certain therapist facilitative behaviors, such as empathy, warmth, etc., helped to create an optimal environment in which the client would be able to change. While it is now not generally believed that these behaviors are sufficient for therapy change, we do believe that these are necessary therapist behaviors to induce other therapy relationship variables that lead to better use of evidence-based treatments resulting in optimal treatment outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Theoretical Model of Common Process Factors in Youth and Family Therapy

Karver

Handelsman

Fields

et al. 2005

Ment Health Serv Res

181

172

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Recently there has been an increasing emphasis in the youth and family mental health treatment literature on the use of empirically supported treatments (ESTs). In contrast there has been scant attention paid to more universal aspects of the therapy process that may have even greater impact upon therapy outcomes. It is likely that the success of the techniques proposed by ESTs may depend on the presence of common process factors. In this article, the authors explore the status of common process factors research in the youth and family therapy literature, and propose a theoretical model linking specific therapeutic relationship variables and treatment outcomes for children and adolescents. This model is intended to guide synthesis of the empirical evidence for common process factors in youth and family treatment and to stimulate future research on common process factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Theoretical Model of Common Process Factors in Youth and Family Therapy

Karver

Handelsman

Fields

et al. 2005

Ment Health Serv Res

181

172

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“…The psychotherapy in each of the four clinical trials differed slightly according to the nature of the original study. The therapeutic modalities included 32 clients in EFT (Greenberg, Rice, & Elliott, 1993) and another 2 clients in client-centered therapy (Rogers, 1957), both treatments that embody highly humanistic and experiential therapies. In the sample of 34 cases, treatment was conducted by 19 therapists (17 women and 2 men).…”

Section: Therapists and Final Treatment Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional processing in experiential therapy: Why "the only way out is through."

Pascual‐Leone¹,

Greenberg²

2007

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

293

346

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The purpose of this study was to examine observable moment-by-moment steps in emotional processing as they occurred within productive sessions of experiential therapy. Global distress was identified as an unprocessed emotion with high arousal and low meaningfulness. The investigation consisted of 2 studies as part of a task analysis that examined clients processing distress in live video-recorded therapy sessions. Clients in both studies were adults in experiential therapy for depression and ongoing interpersonal problems. Study 1 was the discovery-oriented phase of task analysis, which intensively examined 6 examples of global distress. The qualitative findings produced a model showing: global distress, fear, shame, and aggressive anger as undifferentiated and insufficiently processed emotions; the articulation of needs and negative self-evaluations as a pivotal step in change; and assertive anger, self-soothing, hurt, and grief as states of advanced processing. Study 2 tested the model using a sample of 34 clients in global distress. A multivariate analysis of variance showed that the model of emotional processing predicted positive in-session effects, and bootstrapping analyses were used to demonstrate that distinct emotions emerged moment by moment in predicted sequential patterns.

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“…The problem, as defined by Rogers (1957), is the client's incongruence, a "discrepancy between the actual experience of the organism and the self picture of the individual's experience" (p.222) that leads to the distortion or denial of organismic experiences and leaves the individual vulnerable to anxiety and depression. Organismic experience refers to the ways that persons experience themselves and their environment through their bodily felt sense (e.g., physical, sensory, visceral), cognitions and emotions.…”

Section: Client's Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organismic experience refers to the ways that persons experience themselves and their environment through their bodily felt sense (e.g., physical, sensory, visceral), cognitions and emotions. Rogers (1957Rogers ( , 1959 proposed that these experiences are inhibited when persons 'introject' the values or conditions of worth (i.e., adverse judgment, disapproval) of significant others to gain social acceptance. Rehabilitation counsellors may also encounter individuals whose incongruence can be attributed to being temporarily overwhelmed by traumatic onset of impairment, change of body image, and the subsequent loss of valued social roles that are at odds with their self-concept (Crisp, 2010(Crisp, , 2011).…”

Section: Client's Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Motivational Interviewing be Truly Integrated with Person-centered Counselling?

Crisp

2015

The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling

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T his article examines whether Motivational Interviewing (MI) can be truly integrated with Carl Rogers' person-centered approach (PCA) to counselling. While the 'spirit' of MI has much in common with PCA, it is argued that the theory and practice of MI indicates several fundamental differences with PCA that distinguishes the ways that each perspective may contribute to rehabilitation counselling. These differences are discussed in relation to the unique aspects of their underlying assumptions, how they define clients' problems, and how they articulate the role of counsellor and successful outcome. Recent metaanalyses have indicated the beneficial aspects of both approaches. Empirical evidence for the efficacy of both MI and PCA is strong across a diverse range of client groups and health care settings. However, the highly variable effectiveness of both MI and PCA suggests that further process-outcome research is needed. Implications for rehabilitation counsellors are discussed. Keywords: Motivational interviewing, person-centered counsellingMotivational Interviewing (MI) has been defined by Miller and Rollnick (2002, 2009, 2012 as an evolution of Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Approach (PCA) to counselling. However, they argue that MI departs from PCA by being consciously goaloriented, by being intentionally directive and by selectively reinforcing the client's change talk. Despite these differences, commentators have often alluded to the debt that MI owes PCA (e.g., Britt, Blampied & Hudson, 2003;Csillik, 2013;Mason, 2009;Wagner & McMahon, 2004). Recent commentaries have also aligned the traditional rehabilitation counselling theme of self-determination with both MI (Page & Tchernitskaia, 2014;Wagner & McMahon, 2004) and PCA (Crisp, 2011).It is easy to conflate the "spirit" of MI (Miller & Rollnick, 2002, pp.34-5) with PCA since both approaches value collaboration, both aim to elicit the client's own intrinsic motivation for change, and they privilege the client's autonomy. They share a disdain for confrontation, a preference for drawing on the client's own resources rather than imparting knowledge, and avoid taking an authoritarian stance. But, can Address for correspondence: PO Box 1172, Croydon, VIC. 3136, Australia, E-mail: ross.crispsy@gmail.com While Miller and Rollnick (2002, 2009, 2012 acknowledge Rogers' (1961) emphasis on reflective listening, MI and PCA tend to diverge in several ways, not least in their notions of empathic understanding and reflective listening. In this article, I will contend that PCA is not easily integrated with MI because MI diverges significantly from PCA in both its non-directive and directive aspects. In Table 1, MI is summarised and compared with PCA in terms of theory, practice and evidence-based research. The issues listed in Table 1 serve as the framework for the discussion that follows. The aim of this article is to clarify the differences between MI and PCA and the implications for the practice of rehabilitation counselling.

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The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.

Cited by 3,838 publications

References 7 publications

A Theoretical Model of Common Process Factors in Youth and Family Therapy

A Theoretical Model of Common Process Factors in Youth and Family Therapy

Emotional processing in experiential therapy: Why "the only way out is through."

Can Motivational Interviewing be Truly Integrated with Person-centered Counselling?

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