“…Information about the entry-level competencies of students is useful for lecturers because it can then be used to plan lessons to allow more effective application of the learning process (Newman Trimmer, & Padró, 2019) and to decide on the right portion of learning materials and other applicable learning strategies (Barrette & Paesani, 2018). Similarly, an understanding of the entry-level competence of students allows the teachers to better determine whether the individual fits in with the learning tasks being performed (Jiang, Zhang, May, & Qin, 2018) as the overall effectiveness of the learning process often depends on the perspective, background, and prior knowledge of the students (Kennedy, Coffrin, Barba, & Corrin, 2015).…”