The neurobiological characteristics of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are candidate endophenotypes of depression, schizophrenia, mental retardation and dementia

Gottesmann, Claude; Gottesman, Irving I.

doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.01.004

Cited by 111 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 223 publications

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“…Finally, physiological and psychological processes of REMS are similar to waking visual imagery (Cantero, Atienza, Salas, & Gómez, 2000Ogawa, Nittono, & Hori, 2006Lliná & Ribary, 1993Gottesmann & Gottesman, 2007. All these together support our contention that there is essentially functional basis for the development and maturation of visual memory in association of REMS associated dreams and visual imagery.…”

Section: "Overall Dreaming Appears To Be a Gradual Cognitive Develsupporting

confidence: 76%

Activation of Retinotopic Visual Areas Is Central to REM Sleep Associated Dreams: Visual Dreams and Visual Imagery Possibly Co-Emerged In Evolution

Bókkon

Mallick

2012

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The latest experimental results support that multiple retinotopic visual systems play a central role not only in the processing of visual signals but also in the integration and processing of internally represented auditory and tactile information. These retinotopic maps have access to higher levels of cognitive processing, performed by the frontal lobes, for example. The occipital cortex may have a special role in multisensory integration. There is a functional basis for the development and maturation of visual memory in association of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) which is linked to dreams and visual imagery. Physiological and psychological processes of REMS are similar to waking visual imagery. Furthermore, visual imagery during REMS utilize a common visual neural pathway similar to that used in wakefulness. This pathway subserves visual processes accompanied with auditory experiences and intrinsic feelings. We argue that the activation of the retinotopic visual areas is central to REM sleep associated dreams and that REMS associated dreaming and visual imagery may have coevolved in homeothermic animals during evolution. We also suggest that protoconscious state during REM sleep, as introduced by Hobson many years ago, may be a basic visual process.

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Section: "Overall Dreaming Appears To Be a Gradual Cognitive Develsupporting

confidence: 76%

Activation of Retinotopic Visual Areas Is Central to REM Sleep Associated Dreams: Visual Dreams and Visual Imagery Possibly Co-Emerged In Evolution

Bókkon

Mallick

2012

Act Nerv Super

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“…Also, CRH expression is differentially regulated in different regions of the limbic system. The herein demonstrated enhancement of REM sleep could be viewed as an endophenotype of elevated CRH in the forebrain, including limbic structures, which may correspond to REM sleep alteration in depressed patients 63,64 or increased REM density as a clinical biomarker among individuals at high risk for affective disorders. 65 This study is the first report showing that the brainderived CRH enhances REM sleep through the activation of CRHR1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Conditional corticotropin-releasing hormone overexpression in the mouse forebrain enhances rapid eye movement sleep

et al. 2009

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Impaired sleep and enhanced stress hormone secretion are the hallmarks of stress-related disorders, including major depression. The central neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), is a key hormone that regulates humoral and behavioral adaptation to stress. Its prolonged hypersecretion is believed to play a key role in the development and course of depressive symptoms, and is associated with sleep impairment. To investigate the specific effects of central CRH overexpression on sleep, we used conditional mouse mutants that overexpress CRH in the entire central nervous system (CRH-COE-Nes) or only in the forebrain, including limbic structures (CRH-COE-Cam). Compared with wild-type or control mice during baseline, both homozygous CRH-COE-Nes and -Cam mice showed constantly increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, whereas slightly suppressed non-REM sleep was detected only in CRH-COE-Nes mice during the light period. In response to 6-h sleep deprivation, elevated levels of REM sleep also became evident in heterozygous CRH-COE-Nes and -Cam mice during recovery, which was reversed by treatment with a CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1) antagonist in heterozygous and homozygous CRH-COE-Nes mice. The peripheral stress hormone levels were not elevated at baseline, and even after sleep deprivation they were indistinguishable across genotypes. As the stress axis was not altered, sleep changes, in particular enhanced REM sleep, occurring in these models are most likely induced by the forebrain CRH through the activation of CRHR1. CRH hypersecretion in the forebrain seems to drive REM sleep, supporting the notion that enhanced REM sleep may serve as biomarker for clinical conditions associated with enhanced CRH secretion.

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“…Importantly, increased REM density has been proposed to be an endophenotype for depression [54,55] and is sensitive to treatment with antidepressants. Characterization of sleep in mouse models of depression has shown REM sleep facilitation and increased sleep fragmentation that resemble endophenotypes of depressed patients [84-88].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, increased REM density has been suggested to be an endophenotype for depression [54,55], as it is systematically elevated in depressed patients [56,57]. REM density has also been associated with treatment outcome [58-60], and in studies of high risk subjects, such as relatives of depressed patients, increases in REM density were present before the onset of the disorder and predicted its development [61-64].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid eye movements during sleep in mice: High trait-like stability qualifies rapid eye movement density for characterization of phenotypic variation in sleep patterns of rodents

et al. 2011

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BackgroundIn humans, rapid eye movements (REM) density during REM sleep plays a prominent role in psychiatric diseases. Especially in depression, an increased REM density is a vulnerability marker for depression. In clinical practice and research measurement of REM density is highly standardized. In basic animal research, almost no tools are available to obtain and systematically evaluate eye movement data, although, this would create increased comparability between human and animal sleep studies.MethodsWe obtained standardized electroencephalographic (EEG), electromyographic (EMG) and electrooculographic (EOG) signals from freely behaving mice. EOG electrodes were bilaterally and chronically implanted with placement of the electrodes directly between the musculus rectus superior and musculus rectus lateralis. After recovery, EEG, EMG and EOG signals were obtained for four days. Subsequent to the implantation process, we developed and validated an Eye Movement scoring in Mice Algorithm (EMMA) to detect REM as singularities of the EOG signal, based on wavelet methodology.ResultsThe distribution of wakefulness, non-REM (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was typical of nocturnal rodents with small amounts of wakefulness and large amounts of NREM sleep during the light period and reversed proportions during the dark period. REM sleep was distributed correspondingly. REM density was significantly higher during REM sleep than NREM sleep. REM bursts were detected more often at the end of the dark period than the beginning of the light period. During REM sleep REM density showed an ultradian course, and during NREM sleep REM density peaked at the beginning of the dark period. Concerning individual eye movements, REM duration was longer and amplitude was lower during REM sleep than NREM sleep. The majority of single REM and REM bursts were associated with micro-arousals during NREM sleep, but not during REM sleep.ConclusionsSleep-stage specific distributions of REM in mice correspond to human REM density during sleep. REM density, now also assessable in animal models through our approach, is increased in humans after acute stress, during PTSD and in depression. This relationship can now be exploited to match animal models more closely to clinical situations, especially in animal models of depression.

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The neurobiological characteristics of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are candidate endophenotypes of depression, schizophrenia, mental retardation and dementia

Cited by 111 publications

References 223 publications

Activation of Retinotopic Visual Areas Is Central to REM Sleep Associated Dreams: Visual Dreams and Visual Imagery Possibly Co-Emerged In Evolution

Activation of Retinotopic Visual Areas Is Central to REM Sleep Associated Dreams: Visual Dreams and Visual Imagery Possibly Co-Emerged In Evolution

Conditional corticotropin-releasing hormone overexpression in the mouse forebrain enhances rapid eye movement sleep

Rapid eye movements during sleep in mice: High trait-like stability qualifies rapid eye movement density for characterization of phenotypic variation in sleep patterns of rodents

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