The Neuroendocrinology of Affective Disorders

Rubín, Robert T.; Dinan, Timothy G.; Scott, Lucinda V.

doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50099-8

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 348 publications

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“…This effect is also observed following acute stress (Leonard, 2001). In depression NA and its metabolites have been reported to be decreased compared with controls (Schildkraut et al, 1978a and b) and many antidepressants, lead to down-regulation of -adrenergic receptors in the CNS, which occurs over a similar timescale to clinical improvement (Duman and Nestler, 1995;Rubin et al, 2002).…”

Section: Cytokines and Their Effect On Noradrenalinementioning

confidence: 81%

Cytokines: abnormalities in major depression and implications for pharmacological treatment

O’Brien

Scott

Dinan

2004

Human Psychopharmacology

Self Cite

293

159

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The role of cytokines in depression was first considered when the cytokine interferon resulted in "sickness behaviour", the symptoms of which are similar to those of major depression. The latter is associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). These cytokines are potent modulators of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which produces heightened hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity characterized by increases in ACTH and cortisol, both of which are reported elevated in major depression. Antidepressant treatment has immunomodulatory effects with increases in the production of IL-10, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. This review based on a Medline search from 1980-2003, focuses on the evidence available of cytokine changes in acute stress, chronic stress and major depression. It examines the effects of antidepressant treatment on immune parameters in both animal models and clinical trials. We suggest that future antidepressants may target the immune system by either blocking the actions of pro-inflammatory cytokines or increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

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Section: Cytokines and Their Effect On Noradrenalinementioning

confidence: 81%

Cytokines: abnormalities in major depression and implications for pharmacological treatment

O’Brien

Scott

Dinan

2004

Human Psychopharmacology

Self Cite

293

159

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“…Although cortisol elevation in association with major depression is widely reported (Dinan and Scott, 2005; Rubin et al, 2001), a recent meta-analysis (Knorr et al, 2010) found no reliable differences between HC vs. DP in the case of salivary cortisol. A central question we sought to address was whether serum cortisol quantity was elevated in association with antepartum depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, HPA dysregulation with accompanying cortisol elevation is regarded as the most consistent neuroendocrine abnormality in depression (Dinan and Scott, 2005; Rubin et al, 2001), and may be particularly prevalent in women (Young and Korszun, 2010). Cortisol secretion is usually suppressed after dexamethasone administration, but resistance to dexamethasone suppression of cortisol occurs more commonly among patients with major depression than among non-depressed persons (Carroll et al, 1968).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antepartum Depression Severity is Increased During Seasonally Longer Nights: Relationship to Melatonin and Cortisol Timing and Quantity

Meliska

Martı́nez

López

et al. 2013

Chronobiology International

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Current research suggests that mood varies from season to season in some individuals, in conjunction with light-modulated alterations in chronobiologic indices like melatonin and cortisol. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of seasonal variations in darkness on mood in depressed antepartum women, and to determine the relationship of seasonal mood variations to contemporaneous blood melatonin and cortisol measures; a secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of seasonal factors on measures of melancholic versus atypical depressive symptoms. We obtained measures of mood and overnight concentrations of plasma melatonin and serum cortisol in 19 depressed patients (DP) and 12 healthy control (HC) antepartum women, during on-going seasonal variations in daylight/darkness, in a cross-sectional design. Analyses of variance showed that in DP, but not HC, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRSD) scores were significantly higher in women tested during seasonally longer vs. shorter nights. This exacerbation of depressive symptoms occurred when the dim light melatonin onset, the melatonin synthesis offset and the time of maximum cortisol secretion (acrophase) were phase-advanced (temporally shifted earlier), and melatonin quantity was reduced, in DP but not HC. Serum cortisol increased across gestational weeks in both the HC and DP groups, which did not differ significantly in cortisol concentration. Nevertheless, serum cortisol concentration correlated positively with HRSD score in DP but not HC; notably, HC showed neither significant mood changes nor altered melatonin and cortisol timing or quantity in association with seasonal variations. These findings suggest that depression severity during pregnancy may become elevated in association with seasonally-related phase-advances in melatonin and cortisol timing and reduced melatonin quantity that occur in DP, but not HC. Thus, women who experience antepartum depression may be more susceptible than their non-depressed counterparts to phase alterations in melatonin and cortisol timing during seasonally longer nights. Interventions that phase delay melatonin and/or cortisol timing -- for example, increased exposure to bright evening light -- might serve as an effective intervention for antepartum depressions whose severity is increased during seasonally longer nights.

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“…Observable and abnormal emotional states, such as excessive elation or sadness, define affective disorders [270]. Behavioral responses which comprise human affective disorders, such as altered food intake and reduced motivation (depressive-like), and increased anxiety and fearfulness (anxiety-like), can also be observed in rodents in a laboratory setting.…”

Section: Photoperiod Affect and Non-reproductive Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of photoperiod on hormones, behavior, and immune function

Walton

Weil

Nelson

2011

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

172

129

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Photoperiodism is the ability of plants and animals to measure environmental day length to ascertain time of year. Central to the evolution of photoperiodism in animals is the adaptive distribution of energetically challenging activities across the year to optimize reproductive fitness while balancing the energetic tradeoffs necessary for seasonally- appropriate survival strategies. The ability to accurately predict future events requires endogenous mechanisms to permit physiological anticipation of annual conditions. Day length provides a virtually noise free environmental signal to monitor and accurately predict time of the year. In mammals, melatonin provides the hormonal signal transducing day length. Duration of pineal melatonin is inversely related to day length and its secretion drives enduring changes in many physiological systems, including the HPA, HPG, and brain-gut axes, the autonomic nervous system, and the immune system. Thus, melatonin is the fulcrum mediating redistribution of energetic investment among physiological processes to maximize fitness and survival.

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The Neuroendocrinology of Affective Disorders

Cited by 9 publications

References 348 publications

Cytokines: abnormalities in major depression and implications for pharmacological treatment

Cytokines: abnormalities in major depression and implications for pharmacological treatment

Antepartum Depression Severity is Increased During Seasonally Longer Nights: Relationship to Melatonin and Cortisol Timing and Quantity

Influence of photoperiod on hormones, behavior, and immune function

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