The New Application of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Modified with Nafion and Lead Films for Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Dopamine and Paracetamol

Abstract

A new voltammetric procedure for the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and paracetamol (PA) using boron doped diamond electrode modified with Nafion and lead films (PbF/Nafion/BDDE) was investigated. The use of this electrode resolved the overlapped voltammetric waves of DA and PA into well‐defined peaks with peak to peak separation of about 320 mV. Under the optimized experimental conditions in differential pulse voltammetric technique, DA and PA gave a linear response over the ranges 2.0×10−7–1.0×10−4 mol L−1*(R2=0.9996) and 5.0×10−7–1.0×10−3 mol L−1 (R2=0.9979), respectively. The detection limits were found to be 5.4×10−8 mol L−1 for DA and 1.4×10−7 mol L−1 for PA. They are lower, comparable or in some cases a little bit higher than those obtained using other electrochemical sensors. However, the proposed procedure of the sensor preparation is much simpler than procedures described in the literature with a lower detection limit. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to the determination of PA in some commercial pharmaceuticals as well as to the simultaneous determination of DA and PA in human urine, whole blood and serum samples directly without any separation steps.

Chemically modified carbon-based electrodes for the determination of paracetamol in drugs and biological samples

“…In addition to the above illustrated carbon-based electrodes, some research studies reported other carbon-based electrodes such as boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDDE) [ [125] , [126] , [127] , [128] ] and carbon-ceramic electrodes (CCE) [ [129] , [130] , [131] , [132] , [133] , [134] ] as shown in Table 5 . Tyszczuk-Rotko et al.…”

“… Working electrode Modifier Methods Linearity (μM) LOD (μM) Application/Recovery (%) Advantages Disadvantages Refs. BDDE Nf-Pb DPV 0.5–200 0.175 Tablet/100.04 B, C, D C, G [ 126 ] BDDE Nf-Pb DPV 0.5–1000 0.14 Human urine/102.5–104.67 Whole blood/103.44–105.58 Serum/103.12–104.48 B, C, E G [ 127 ] BDDE Nf-Bi DPV 0.2–1000 0.0262 Tablet/105.14 A, B, C C, G [ 128 ] CCE SWCNT DPV 0.2–150 3 Tablet/98.79–101.51 PCT syrup/99.52–102.46 Human serum/101,103 B, C, E B, F [ 129 ] CCE SWCNT DPV 0.08–200.0 0.05 Tablets/97.23–101.7 PCT Syrup/98.3–104.6 Acifen/100.8–101.6 A, B, C, D F [ 130 ] CCE SWCNT DPV 0...…”

“…The selection of the most suitable electrochemical technique is an important factor for the achievement of high selectivity and detecting trace levels of PCT. CV [ 25 , 58 , 67 , 72 ], DPV [ 18 , 19 , 40 , 43 , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , 70 , 72 , 73 , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [83] , [84] , [85] , 87 , 89 , 92 , 93 , 95 , 97 , 98 , 101 , 103 , 106 , 108 , [110] , [111] , [112] , [113] , [114] , [115] , 119 , [121] , [122] , [123] , [125] , [126] , [127] , [128] , [129] , [130] , [131] , [132] , 134 ] and SWV [ 17 , 34 , 36 , 38 , 41 , 75 ...…”

In-House Validation of Voltammetric Determination of Paracetamol in Natural Waters

“…Os eletrodos não modificados mais comuns são de pasta de carbono 9 , de carbono vítreo 10 e, principalmente, de diamante dopado com boro (DDB). Na literatura, há diversas metodologias referentes ao estudo da oxidação do paracetamol sobre DDB para determinações simultâneas com codeína 11 , ácido ascórbico 12 , nimesulida 13 , penicilina V 14 , dopamina 15 , ibuprofeno 16 , tramadol 17 , cafeína 18,19 e cafeína com propifenazona 20 , ibuprofeno 21 , orfenadrina 22 e aspirina 23 . Entretanto, até o momento não foram encontrados registros de metodologias validadas utilizando ferramentas estatísticas, bem como de estudos realizados em águas naturais.…”