Photocatalytic hydrogen energy production through water splitting paves a promising pathway for alleviating the increasingly severe energy crisis. Seeking affordable, highly active, and stable photocatalysts is crucial to access the technology in a sustainable manner. Herein, a trivalent iron‐doped covalent triazine‐based framework (CTF‐1) was elaborately designed in this study to finely tune the band structure and photocatalytic activity of CTF‐1 for H2 production. With optimal doping amount, Fe10/CTF‐1 exhibited a satisfying H2 production activity of 1460 μmol h−1 g−1, corresponding to 28‐fold enhancement compared with pure CTF‐1. The Fe3+ doping is responsible for a remarkedly broadened visible‐light adsorption range, improved reduction ability and inhibited electron–hole recombination of CTF‐1. Specifically, the doped Fe3+ could serve as photocatalytically active center and “electron relay” to accelerate charge separation and transformation. This study offers a feasible strategy to validly design and synthesize CTF‐based photocatalytic materials to efficiently utilize solar energy.