The next fifty years of series capacitors — And the last eighty-six

Korot, Daniel; Marken, Paul E.; Bock, Larry

doi:10.1109/tdc.2014.6863558

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…From those expressions, the active power increases if the compensation k increases, at the cost of the large series capacitor reactive power, which sharply increases with k [3]. According to the phasor diagram of Figure 4d, this reduces the voltage drop and the angular deviation between the sending and receiving line ends, providing [4]: increased transmission capacity [18], possibility of modifying the power flows in the meshed network [19], improved voltage profile of the grid [20], enhanced angular stability of the power corridor [21,22], damping of power oscillations [23,24], and the possibility of optimizing power transported by parallel lines [25]. In addition, it has to be considered that series compensation may interfere with the conventional power system operation.…”

Section: Series Compensation By Inserting Capacitorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Series Compensation of Transmission Systems: A Literature Survey

2021

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This paper reviews the basics of series compensation in transmission systems through a literature survey. The benefits that this technology brings to enhance the steady state and dynamic operation of power systems are analyzed. The review outlines the evolution of the series compensation technologies, from mechanically operated switches to line- and self-commutated power electronic devices, covering control issues, different applications, practical realizations, and case studies. Finally, the paper closes with the major challenges that this technology will face in the near future to achieve a fully decarbonized power system.

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Section: Series Compensation By Inserting Capacitorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Series Compensation of Transmission Systems: A Literature Survey

2021

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“…Incremental quantities are usually denoted with delta (Δ), which is the notation used throughout this paper. A general expression for calculating incremental voltage and current can be written as shown in Equation (1). Here V(t) and I(t) are instantaneous voltage and current signals, ΔV(t) and ΔI(t) are incremental voltage and current signals, T is the fundamental frequency period of the signal, and n is the number of periods back in time that the pre-fault values are taken.…”

Section: Incremental Quantity Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Series capacitors are used in the power transmission lines to increase their power transfer limit and their use is expected to increase in future [1]. Distance protection is the most widely used protection method in transmission grids [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An incremental quantity based protection with capacitor voltage estimation for mid-line series compensation

2022

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Series capacitors are installed in transmission lines to increase power transfer capacity. However, their addition creates challenges for the line protection. Security and speed of phasor based protection sc hemes that work with local measurements (communication independent) are severely affected in the presence of series capacitors. Therefore, time -domain based protection methods may be considered as a potential solution for communication independent protection of series compensated lines. In this paper, an incremental quantity based protection scheme is presented for series compensated lines with the capacitor in the middle of the line. The method involves estimating the voltage across the capacitor bank, based on the current in the capacitor bank and metal oxide varistor during faults . Then this capacitor voltage estimation is used to implement the incremental quantity protection. The incremental quantity method consists of fault detection, phase selection, directional discrimination and distance estimation. A PSCAD model of a 500 kV, 200 km transmission line is used to simulate fault cases for evaluating the method. The proposed method is tested with different compensation levels, fault types, fault positions, inception angles, fault resistances and source impedance ratios. The results show that the proposed method can meet the dependability and security demands for the protection of series compensated lines.

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“…These also have other benefits such as improving system stability, voltage regulation, voltage collapse limit and improving reactive power balance [2,3]. Series capacitors have a long history of use in transmission lines; the earliest implementation of a series capacitor was in 1928 in the United States by New York Power & Light, with a 33 kV rated capacitor [4]. Their adoption has spread, and continues to increase today.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Series compensation can increase a transmission line's capacity at a fraction of the line's cost [7]. Therefore, many utilities around the world are installing series capacitors in their grids [2], and this use is expected to grow to meet the challenges of higher transfers, both in existing and new lines [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distance Protection of Series Capacitor Compensated Lines: Practical Considerations, Industrial Status and Development

Hoq

Taylor

2021

Electricity

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The introduction of series capacitors in transmission lines causes problems in terms of reliability and the security of distance protection relays. As distance protection is widely used in the transmission network, the challenge of applying it to series compensated lines has been taken up by utilities and relay manufacturers in various ways. In the field of power system protection, developments are largely driven by relay manufacturers, and are often not published in the academic literature; the status and trend of the relay manufacturer’s development are better found in their product manuals and patent activity. Further insight into specific implementations by transmission utilities can be found from publications in industry-led forums and some academic journals. This article surveys the status and development of distance protection for series compensated lines, with a focus on industrial implementation and practical considerations. Factors that influence the protection of series compensated lines are presented. Implementation examples reported by utilities are summarized as examples of the different situations encountered and the methods used to deal with them. It is observed that many utilities use communication-aided protection in series compensated lines, and distance protection is used with reduced reach. Solutions described in relay manuals are presented to demonstrate the manufacturers’ approaches to problems associated with series capacitor protection. While there are methods to counter voltage inversion, current inversion seems to represent a more serious challenge. A patent overview indicates the trends in this domain to be moving towards time-domain-based faster protection methods.

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The next fifty years of series capacitors — And the last eighty-six

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Series Compensation of Transmission Systems: A Literature Survey

Series Compensation of Transmission Systems: A Literature Survey

An incremental quantity based protection with capacitor voltage estimation for mid-line series compensation

Distance Protection of Series Capacitor Compensated Lines: Practical Considerations, Industrial Status and Development

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