The Noise Protection Effect of the Stapedius Reflex

Brask, Torben

doi:10.3109/00016487809123490

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…While no difference was seen in the hearing thresholds of the healthy ear, changes were observed in the hearing thresholds of the ear on the side with facial paralysis. It was concluded that less noise was transmitted to the healthy side with the effect of the acoustic reflex (15). Being used in the course of the treatment as well, the results of the acoustic reflex to be obtained in the case of Bell's palsy which may develop in geriatric and adult groups may be guiding for the ENT physician.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Acoustic Reflex and Reflex Decay Tests in Geriatric Group

Ünsal¹,

Karataş²,

Kaya³

et al. 2016

Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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Objective: To determine average acoustic reflex thresholds in geriatric groups by assessing ipsilateral and contralateral acoustic reflex and reflex decay tests. Methods:A total of 25 elders between ages 65-84 years (74.3±5.4) and 25 individuals between ages 18-45 years (30.4±4.2) were recruited for the study. After ear, nose, and throat examination, ipsilateral and contralateral acoustic reflex thresholds at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hertz (Hz) were determined and a reflex decay test at contralateral 500 Hz was conducted. Ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were obtained with high-frequency band, low-frequency band, and wide band noise, and the results were compared with ipsilateral acoustic reflexes at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brask (15) tried to show the protective effect of the acoustic reflex on the ear from the noise by using extratympanic manometer. In the disease and recovery periods, changes were tried to be created by giving additional +15 dB noise to the acoustic reflex thresholds of the patients with unilateral Bell's palsy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Acoustic Reflex and Reflex Decay Tests in Geriatric Group

Ünsal¹,

Karataş²,

Kaya³

et al. 2016

Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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“…The TT is also known to contract during swallowing (Salomon & Starr, 1963) and facial skin contact(Djupesland, 1964). In humans and rabbits, the stapedius plays the major role in middle ear muscle contraction in response to sound (Borg, 1972; Brask, 1979; Ochi et al, 2002;). There is a large, species-dependent range in acoustic threshold for middle ear muscle contraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A morphologic study of Fluorogold labeled tensor tympani motoneurons in mice

2009

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The tensor tympani is one of two middle ear muscles that regulates the transmission of sound through the middle ear. Contraction of the tensor tympani in response to both auditory and non-auditory stimulation is mediated by the tensor tympani motoneurons (TTMNs). There are interesting differences among species in the acoustic thresholds for contraction of the middle ear muscles, which may be a reflection of underlying anatomical differences such as the number of TTMNs. However anatomical data for mice are lacking, even though the mouse is becoming the most common animal model for auditory and neuroscience research. We investigated the number and morphology of TTMNs in mice using Fluorogold, a retrograde neuronal tracer. After injections of Fluorogold into the tensor tympani muscle, a column of labeled TTMNs was identified ventro-lateral to the ipsilateral trigeminal nucleus. The labeled TTMNs were classified according to their morphological characteristics into three subtypes: "octopus-like", "fusiform" and "stellate", suggesting underlying differences in function. All three subtypes formed sparsely branched and radiating dendrites, some longer than 600 μm. Dendrites were longest and most numerous in the dorso-medial direction. In 18 cases, the mean number of mouse TTMNs was 51; the largest numbers were 70, 74 and 90 (n=3 injections). The mean size of mouse TTMNs was 13.0 μm (minor axis) and 23.5 μm (major axis). Compared with studies of TTMNs in larger species (cats and rats), mouse TTMNs are both fewer in number and smaller in size.

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“…For example, patients who have a unilateral facial nerve paralysis because of Bell's palsy are unable to contract the stapedius, which is innervated by a branch of the facial nerve. When these patients are exposed to acoustic overstimulation in both ears, they have a higher incidence of a temporary hearing loss in the ear ipsilateral to the paralysis compared with the other ear (Brask 1979). The stapedius muscle's contraction may also prevent the masking of speech information by background noise (Stevens and Davis 1938;Borg andZakrisson 1974, 1975;Mahoney et al 1979;Borg et al 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The stapedius in humans is the primary middle ear muscle that contracts in response to sound (Brask 1979;Ochi et al 2002). The contraction of the stapedius muscle decreases the transmission of sound into the inner ear (Gelfand 2002), and this action is protective (Hilding 1960;Brask 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse Synaptic Terminals on Rat Stapedius Motoneurons

Lee

Benson

Brown

2008

JARO

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Stapedius motoneurons (SMN) mediate the contraction of the stapedius muscle, which protects the inner ear from injury and reduces the masking effects of background noise. A variety of inputs to SMNs are known to exist, but their terminal ultrastructure has not been investigated. We characterized the synaptic terminals on retrogradely labeled SMNs found just ventromedial to the facial motor nucleus. About 80% of the terminals contained round synaptic vesicles. One type (Sm Rnd) had small, round vesicles filling the terminal with occasional dense core vesicles and formed an asymmetric synapse. Sm Rnd terminals were small with lengths of apposition to the SMN less than 3 μm. Partial reconstructions from serial sections demonstrated that these terminals formed up to three synapses per terminal. Another terminal type (Lg Rnd) had large, round vesicles and asymmetric synapses. Most Lg Rnd terminals were small but some were extensive, e.g., abutting the SMN for up to 10 μm. One of these terminals formed at least seven synapses. Another terminal type (Pleo) had pleomorphic vesicles and symmetric active zones that, in some cases, were invaginated by spines from the SMN. A fourth uncommon terminal type (Het Rnd) had round vesicles of heterogeneous sizes and asymmetric synapses. A fifth rare terminal type (Cist) had large, round vesicles and an accompanying subsurface cistern in the SMN. These were generally the same kinds of terminals found on other motoneurons, but the high proportion of round vesicle synapses indicate that SMNs receive mostly excitatory inputs.

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The Noise Protection Effect of the Stapedius Reflex

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of Acoustic Reflex and Reflex Decay Tests in Geriatric Group

Evaluation of Acoustic Reflex and Reflex Decay Tests in Geriatric Group

A morphologic study of Fluorogold labeled tensor tympani motoneurons in mice

Diverse Synaptic Terminals on Rat Stapedius Motoneurons

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