The nomadic engram: overtraining eliminates the impairment of discriminative avoidance behavior produced by limbic thalamic lesions

Hart, Matthew; Poremba, Amy; Gabriel, Michael

doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)80986-2

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…For example, Rose and colleagues (Clements and Rose, 1996;Rose and Stewart, 1999) have used a chick model of passive avoidance conditioning to show that during learning there are time-dependent shifts in neural activity and neurochemistry that occur across different brain regions. Similarly, time-limited shifts in the role of different thalamic nuclei occur during discriminative avoidance conditioning in rabbits (Hart et al, 1997). Here, we show that reorganization of motor maps and synaptogenesis within the motor cortex during motor skill training does not occur during the initial fast phase of learning but rather during the second, slower phase of learning when the rate of gain of performance is much lower.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Cortical Synaptogenesis and Motor Map Reorganization Occur during Late, But Not Early, Phase of Motor Skill Learning

et al. 2004

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Extensive motor skill training induces reorganization of movement representations and synaptogenesis within adult motor cortex. Motor skill does not, however, develop uniformly across training sessions. It is characterized by an initial fast phase, followed by a later slow phase of learning. How cortical plasticity emerges during these phases is unknown. Here, we examine motor map topography and synapse number within rat motor cortex during the early and late phases of motor learning. Adult rats were placed in either a skilled or unskilled reaching condition (SRC and URC, respectively) for 3, 7, or 10 d. Intracortical microstimulation of layer V was used to determine the topography of forelimb movement representations within caudal forelimb area of motor cortex contralateral to the trained paw. Quantitative electron microscopy was used to measure the number of synapses per neuron within layer V. SRC animals showed significant increases in reaching accuracy after 3, 7, and 10 d of training. In comparison with URC animals, SRC animals had significantly larger distal forelimb representations after 10 d of training only. Furthermore, SRC animals had significantly more synapses per neuron than URC animals after 7 and 10 d of training. These results show that both motor map reorganization and synapse formation occur during the late phase of skill learning. Furthermore, synaptogenesis precedes map reorganization. We propose that motor map reorganization and synapse formation do not contribute to the initial acquisition of motor skills but represent the consolidation of motor skill that occurs during late stages of training.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Cortical Synaptogenesis and Motor Map Reorganization Occur during Late, But Not Early, Phase of Motor Skill Learning

et al. 2004

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“…The formation of a long-term memory in the RSC in this task appears to depend on interactions between the HPC and the RSC occurring around 12 h after learning, when waves of IEG activation and protein synthesis occur in both regions that are necessary for the development of long-term (but not short-term) memory (Katche et al, 2010, 2013a). A number of other studies have also shown that spatial and contextual memories continue to rely on the RSC after they have become hippocampal independent, leading some authors to suggest that critical elements of these memories are permanently stored in the RSC (Maviel et al, 2004; Gusev and Gubin, 2010; Corcoran et al, 2011; but see Hart et al, 1997). The development of RSC neural responses also suggests a role for the RSC in the long-term memory consolidation.…”

Section: Learning and Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cues, context, and long-term memory: the role of the retrosplenial cortex in spatial cognition

Miller¹,

Vedder²,

Law³

et al. 2014

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

163

130

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Spatial navigation requires memory representations of landmarks and other navigation cues. The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is anatomically positioned between limbic areas important for memory formation, such as the hippocampus (HPC) and the anterior thalamus, and cortical regions along the dorsal stream known to contribute importantly to long-term spatial representation, such as the posterior parietal cortex. Damage to the RSC severely impairs allocentric representations of the environment, including the ability to derive navigational information from landmarks. The specific deficits seen in tests of human and rodent navigation suggest that the RSC supports allocentric representation by processing the stable features of the environment and the spatial relationships among them. In addition to spatial cognition, the RSC plays a key role in contextual and episodic memory. The RSC also contributes importantly to the acquisition and consolidation of long-term spatial and contextual memory through its interactions with the HPC. Within this framework, the RSC plays a dual role as part of the feedforward network providing sensory and mnemonic input to the HPC and as a target of the hippocampal-dependent systems consolidation of long-term memory.

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“…In particular, incorporating random practice (contextual interference)40–42 and overlearning (ie, continued practice of a task after having reached some success criterion)43–45 can lead to improved retention effects. For example, a single low acquisition session consisting of a brief exposure to a block of slips (5 slips only) without any additional ancillary sessions was insufficient to yield retention in stability for prevention of backward balance loss 12 months later 46.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Slip-Related Backward Balance Loss: The Effect of Session Intensity and Frequency on Long-Term Retention

Bhatt

Pai

2009

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

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Objective-To examine effects of session intensity (number of slip exposures) and frequency on retention of acquired adaptation for prevention of backward balance loss following repeated-slip training. Setting-Biomechanics research laboratory. Participants-Healthy young subjects (N=46; 21 males).Intervention-Twenty-four subjects experienced a high-intensity session of 24 repeated right-side slips; 12 received additional single-slip sessions at a frequency of 1-week, 2-week, and 1-month, while the rest got no ancillary training. Another 24 subjects received a low-intensity initial session of a single slip; 12 received the same high-frequency ancillary training, while the rest got none. All groups were retested with a single-slip, 4 months after first session.Main Outcome Measures-Incidence of backward balance loss, gait stability, and limb support.Results-The high-intensity groups irrespective of ancillary training displayed similar improvements in all 3 outcome measures. Remarkably, the low-intensity group receiving ancillary training also significantly improved in all measures, with retention comparable to that observed in the other 2 groups. A single slip exposure without ancillary sessions was insufficient to yield longerterm effect.Conclusions-Frequent ancillary sessions may be unnecessary for slip-related fall prevention up to 4 months, if initial session intensity is sufficient. Furthermore, the minimum of a single slip may be as effective, if subject is exposed to frequent ancillary sessions. KeywordsAccidental falls; Gait; Learning; RehabiliationThe rising susceptibility to falling with increasing age 1-3 poses a significant health threat to the older adult population. Falls are the leading cause of injury-related hospitalization leading to a decreased mobility and quality of life. Approximately 81% to 98% of hip fractures annually are caused by falls 4,5 with slips comprising 40% of outdoor falls among community-living adults 70 years of age or older. 6 These fractures require surgical intervention and extensive postsurgical management, at great cost both to patients and to the health care system. 2,4,7-9

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The nomadic engram: overtraining eliminates the impairment of discriminative avoidance behavior produced by limbic thalamic lesions

Cited by 25 publications

References 33 publications

Cortical Synaptogenesis and Motor Map Reorganization Occur during Late, But Not Early, Phase of Motor Skill Learning

Cortical Synaptogenesis and Motor Map Reorganization Occur during Late, But Not Early, Phase of Motor Skill Learning

Cues, context, and long-term memory: the role of the retrosplenial cortex in spatial cognition

Prevention of Slip-Related Backward Balance Loss: The Effect of Session Intensity and Frequency on Long-Term Retention

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