“…With this context in mind, the Quad's organizational existence poses not only some degree of threat to ASEAN's elevated hub status, but it also illuminates the Southeast Asian organization's perceived deficiencies of privileging ‘process not results’ (Beeson, 2017; Koga, 2023; Manning, 2016; Stubbs, 2019), and in doing so, form and function are intertwined. ASEAN places the priority on enmeshing China (Allison‐Reumann, 2017; Goh, 2014; Thayer, 2011: 333; Weissmann, 2014), for example, while the Quad views China's hegemonic attempts as a direct threat. From this perspective, Southeast Asia's leaders and people, with their difficult and complex relations with China, see the Quad as potentially disruptive via the quartet's attempts to ‘step on China's toes’ (Laksmana, 2020: 107–108).…”