The novel synthetic route of 3,5-dimethyl-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1H-pyrazole under solid–liquid phase transfer catalysis conditions assisted by an ultrasound application—A study of some kinetic parameters

Sulfonated reduced graphene oxide catalyzed cyclization of hydrazides and carbon dioxide to 1,3,4-oxadiazoles under sonication

“…The reaction mechanism for direct cyclization of hydrazides with carbon dioxide using sulfonated graphene oxide catalyst under ultrasound irradiation is not very clear at this stage. Still, we proposed a reasonably plausible mechanism with our best of acquired knowledge in sonochemistry 60 .…”

Selective Alkylation of Aromatic Five-Membered Heterocyclic Molecules

“…The results about this catalyst action or choosiness of various temperature conditions in the alkylation procedure of these significant organic intermediates thiophene, pyrrole and furan with methyl bromide directed are embodied in Table 1. The carbon alkylation (C-Alkylation) of furan was carried out using TOAB has displayed higher activity [7][8][9] . Using this well-organized catalyst, thiophene and pyrrole are also alkylated.…”

“…These drawbacks have motivated to progress an environmental catalytic process for the alkylation fine chemicals using a nontoxic, that produces no sewage or impurities and concurrently to attain the higher range of choosiness of the 2-isomer to encounter the customer's wish. In this way we found a technique for the simple phase transfer alkylation [7][8][9] with alkylating agents in presence of TOAB. The reaction between furan with methyl bromide at 100 o C on a tetraoctylammoniumbromide leads to 2alkyl furan with 98% selectivity at 99% conversion (Table 1).…”

“…The 3-alkyl substitution is the trivial contaminate presence is the extent of 20% in the alkylation procedure by straight forward using soluble acids. The major disadvantage like corrosive, factor of unrecovered catalyst and needed an additional stoichiometric quantities are the most common to use conventional Lewis acid catalysts, inorganic and organic acids in the Friedel-crafts alkylation reactions [6][7][8][9][10] . These catalyst also…”

Kinetic study for benzyloxylation of p-bromotoluene using phase transfer catalyst assisted by microwave irradiation

“…Phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) is a performance that was conducting a reaction between reactant species existing in homogeneous or heterogeneous method [5] . Application of ultrasound or microwave irradiations are more common in PTC reactions rather than the conventional temperatures [6,7] . The major advantages of the PTC technique for preparing ethers are higher reaction rate, just needed low energy, selectivity and hydrophilic conditions.…”