The nucleation, growth and stability of micropits in stainless steel

Williams, David E.; Stewart, J.M.; Balkwill, Peter

doi:10.1016/0010-938x(94)90145-7

Cited by 224 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It is the depth of the pit that represents the diffusion barrier. Thus, deeper pits can survive with smaller anodic current densities compared to shallower pits [17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of environmental factors on key kinetic parameters relevant to pitting corrosion

Woldemedhin

Srinivasan

Kelly

2015

J Solid State Electrochem

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Experiments using stainless steel artificial pit (leadin-pencil) electrodes in ferric chloride and lithium chloride solutions were performed in order to determine the effects of key environmental factors such as chloride concentration and pH of the bulk solution on the central parameters utilized to characterize the pitting phenomenon-the repassivation potential E rp and the pit stability product under a salt film (i· x) saltfilm . For all the stainless steel alloys studied, a relative independence of the E rp to the pit depth was observed once sufficient anodic charge had been passed. The pit stability product under a salt film was seen to be largely insensitive to the pH of the bulk solution. E rp , on the other hand, was fairly independent of bulk pH only at the lower chloride concentrations of both lithium chloride and ferric chloride solutions. The two parameters were affected differently by variation in the chloride concentration of the bulk solutions. Increasing the chloride concentration resulted in a decrease in the value of (i·x) saltfilm for all alloys in both solutions. In ferric chloride, the value of E rp increased with increasing chloride concentration for Custom 465 and the austenitic steels, whereas it decreased across the same range for 17-4 pH. These trends were explained qualitatively using solution conductivity and alloying composition arguments. Finally, the results obtained from this study allowed for a rationalization of the phenomenology, enabling a method of measurement of the diffusion coefficient and the concentration at saturation of the Bstainless steel cation^within the pit, both of which agreed well with values obtained from the existing literature.

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“…It is the depth of the pit that represents the diffusion barrier. Thus, deeper pits can survive with smaller anodic current densities compared to shallower pits [17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of environmental factors on key kinetic parameters relevant to pitting corrosion

Woldemedhin

Srinivasan

Kelly

2015

J Solid State Electrochem

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“…6 clearly shows that the more highly alloyed sample, S32760, has a superior corrosion performance compared with S30403 and S31603, remaining passive over a wide potential range with no evidence of pitting activity. Pitting is a well-known phenomenon for stainless steels which is reported to take place preferentially at inclusions within the microstructure situated at the exposed metal/solution interface, most notably manganese sulphide (MnS) inclusions [18][19][20][21][22]. Overall, the pitting behaviour has been reported to depend on the most damaging sulphide inclusion; i.e.…”

Section: Alumina Ball Without Sic Abrasivementioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effects of micro-abrasion–corrosion of UNS S30403, S31603 and S32760 stainless steels

Bello

Wood

Wharton

2007

Wear

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In this study, the synergistic effects of abrasion and corrosion on UNS S30403, S31603 and S32760 stainless steels have been investigated using a micro-abrasion test rig. The stainless steel samples have been studied under both pure abrasion (PA) and abrasion-corrosion (AC) conditions simulated by using silicon carbide based slurries in either distilled water or 3.5% sodium chloride solutions. Tests have been conducted at various abrasive concentrations (0.006-0.238 g/cm 3 ) and at 38 and 180 m sliding distance to enable the interactions between abrasion and corrosion to be better understood. Wear mode identification and regime mapping was used to establish the dominant wear mechanism at the different slurry concentrations. The synergistic effect has been quantified and related to the material composition and the grooving or rolling abrasive wear mechanisms present. The synergistic levels were typically positive and have been discussed in terms of their dependence on the integrity of the passive films and the repassivation kinetics. The three-body abrasion-corrosion rates for all steels were found to be 14 times higher than two-body abrasion-corrosion rates. S30403 shows weak repassivation performance with electrochemical activity being proportional to mechanical activity. S31603 showed a constant electrochemical activity over a variety of mechanical conditions, indicating a stronger repassivation performance than S30403. S32760 has the best repassivation performance with negative synergistic characteristics until abrasion rate are such that depassivation occurs and the electrochemical activity is then comparable to the other steels.

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“…A further complication can arise, viz., stable pitting preceded by metastable pit formation, which is indicated by anodic current spikes that form micrometer size pits, often at a sub-lattice or array of non-metallic inclusions that act as weak sites in the passive film (10,11). Moreover, it is well known that there is a statistical correlation between metastable and stable pitting (12) and that the frequency of metastable pitting increases with increasing applied potential (11)(12)(13)(14)(15). A trigger mechanism has also been proposed (16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonequilibrium collective phenomena in the onset of pitting corrosion

2009

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Nonequilibrium collective phenomena and effects of nonlinear pattern formation play the crucial role in the onset of pitting corrosion on stainless steels. Such materials are naturally protected by the oxide layer covering their surface. The onset of pitting corrosion involves the development of microscopic metastable pits, each persisting for about a second. As proposed in our publications and confirmed in subsequent experiments, sudden transition to active corrosion results from chain reproduction of metastable pits on the stainless steel surface leading to an autocatalytic explosion.

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The nucleation, growth and stability of micropits in stainless steel

Cited by 224 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of environmental factors on key kinetic parameters relevant to pitting corrosion

Effects of environmental factors on key kinetic parameters relevant to pitting corrosion

Synergistic effects of micro-abrasion–corrosion of UNS S30403, S31603 and S32760 stainless steels

Nonequilibrium collective phenomena in the onset of pitting corrosion

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