The nutrition of the veal calf

Roy, J. H. B.; Gaston, Helen J.; Shillam, K. W. G.; Thompson, S. Y.; Stobo, I. J. F.; Greatorex, J. C.

doi:10.1079/bjn19640042

Cited by 53 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…1), k m 76-0 (from Table 3), a 100-1, n 0-73-F/W o had the value 0-13, suggesting that gut contents were 13% of fasted body weight. This value is in accord with expectations based on the experiments with sheep given above (Blaxter et al 1966) and with the results of slaughter experiments with calves by Roy et al (1964).…”

supporting

confidence: 92%

Utilization of the energy and protein of the same diet by cattle of different ages

1966

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Most calorimetric experiments to determine the value of feeds as energy sources are made with mature animals. The question arises whether the energy values of feeds determined with them apply equally to young growing animals, but there is little information to answer it. Ritzman & Colovos (1943) determined the energy retention of cattle throughout their growing period. Their results were recomputed to find whether the efficiency with which the metabolizable energy consumed in excess of their maintenance needs was used by growing animals to promote energy retention differed from that to be expected from independent experiments made with adult cattle. Excellent agreement between the observations of Ritzman & Colovos and expectations based on results obtained with adult animals was noted when the animals were almost full-grown, but with animals weighing 200 kg. or less agreement was poor, younger animals apparently being more efficient than older ones. Such an effect of age on efficiency might be accounted for by a change with age in the ratio of protein to fat deposited in the body, for it seems likely that protein synthesis from absorbed amino acids is a more efficient process than is the synthesis of fat from the oa;o-acids formed from them.The evidence of Ritzman & Colovos, (1943) experiments that young animals are more efficient in using metabolizable energy for body synthesis than are old ones is, however, indirect: the diets given to the animals changed with their age and general equations had to be used to calculate maintenance needs and expected efficiencies above maintenance. The experiments described below were undertaken to provide more direct evidence about the effect of age on the efficiency of energy utilization by feeding the same diet to cattle of different EXPERIMENTAL Animals. Seven Ayrshire steers numbered 1-7 were used. They were reared on whole cows' milk, weaned when 7 weeks old and thereafter given a * Present address: Rowett Research Institute, Bucksbum, Aberdeen. diet of hay and a commercial cattle-rearing pellet in amounts sufficient to result in steady growth. The animals were castrated as soon as the testes had descended.Experiments. Five experiments, each with three steers, were made. Exps. 1, 2 and 3 were made with steers 1, 2 and 3, commencing when they were 31, 46 and 81 weeks of age. Exp. 4 was made with steers 4, 5 and 6, commencing when they were 15 weeks of age, and Exp. 5 with steers 4, 5 and 7 when they were 35 weeks of age.Each experiment began by each animal being fasted for 4 days to determine its fasting energy metabolism. The steers were then given the experimental diet in increasing amounts for 1 week, or until such time that a normal intake of feed was re-established. Each animal was then given three different amounts of the diet in successive 3-week periods, the sequence of treatment for the three animals in an experiment conforming to the rows of a latin square. During the last week of the periods energy and N metabolism were measured. The amounts of feed given varied...

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supporting

confidence: 92%

Utilization of the energy and protein of the same diet by cattle of different ages

1966

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“…The effects of advancing age on the apparent digestibility coefficients of milk nutrients, namely a rise for butterfat and a decline for lactose and ash (Table 4), are similar to those noted by Roy et al (1964) and disagree with the observations of Mathieu and Barre (1964). who were unable to detect any changes.…”

Section: Digestibilitycontrasting

confidence: 39%

“…Blaxter et al (1957), Roy et al (1964, and Khouri and Pickering (1968). who associated the impairment of appetite in milk-fed calves with the development of a severe iron deficiency anaemia.…”

Section: Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition of the milk-fed calf

Khouri¹,

Pickering²

1969

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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An intake of spray-dried whole-ll)ilk powder equivalent to 2% of body weight was maintained in calves during the first 12 weeks of life when the powder was supplemented with iron, copper, and magnesium.Intakes relative to body weight declined after the age of 12 weeks when fortification with iron and copper ceased. Gradual increases in the dry-matter content of milk to compensate for the decline in abomasal capacity relative to body weight did not enhance intake between the age of 12 and 16 weeks.Supplementation of spray-dried whole-milk powder with iron and copper at levels of 46.7 and 5.1 mg/kg respectively maintained blood haemoglobin concentrations. Fortification of the powder with 0.25 g of magnesium per kg did not prevent, but appeared to delay, the onset of progressive hypomagnesaemia.An increase in the apparent digestibility of fat and a decrease in the digestibility of lactose and ash were noted with advancing age. Reconstitution rate did not affect the digestibility of milk nutrients up to the age of 16 weeks.

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“…The large contribution of haemoglobin to total pigment in veal calves means that anaemia could contribute to a greater extent towards the paler muscle colour than is likely in more mature animals. Nevertheless, if the high growth rates suggested as necessary for white veal production are to be met, the results of Roy et al (1964) and Pickering (1968, 1969) have shown that only the mildest possible anaemia is acceptable. These findings and those of St-Laurent and Brisson (1967) suggest that the anaemia-production side of the white veal industry has been overemphasised and the contribution of calf age under-emphasised.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that the colour of commercial white veal may be due to the normal low concentration of muscle myoglobin in young calves (Lawrie 1961) and not to a lack of muscle pigment associated with anaemia produced by excluding iron and copper from the diet. Roy et al (1964) indicate that calves are not considered anaemic until haemoglobin levels fall below 8 g/lOO ml, and growth is not affected till levels drop below 7 g] 100 ml.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of housing conditions necessary for white veal production

Kirton

Khouri

Crane

1972

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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Forty-two Friesian bull calves were allocated to two treatments; the animals in one group were individually penned and fed indoors. and those in the other were penned in groups of seven under a lean-to on wooden shavings. The calves were fed reconstituted commercial milk powder for 12 weeks and were then slaughtered.The feed intake and carcass growth of the calves on both treatments were very similar, but the lean-to calves were 5 kg heavier in starved live weight at slaughter, largely because of increased gastrointestinal fill resulting from eating wood shavings. The cut-out data on the carcasses indicated similar composition for the two treatments, with the exception that the calves fed indoors had a higher proportion of perinephric and channel fat, and a slightly greater fat cover and a lower eye muscle area than the lean-to calves.Blood haemoglobin and muscle colour and pigment measurements showed that the calves were not anemic, but the m, longissimus dorsi was very pale. The necessity for anaemia in order to produce white veal of suitable muscle colour is questioned.

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The nutrition of the veal calf

Cited by 53 publications

References 45 publications

Utilization of the energy and protein of the same diet by cattle of different ages

Utilization of the energy and protein of the same diet by cattle of different ages

Nutrition of the milk-fed calf

A study of housing conditions necessary for white veal production

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