The occupational illness of slum dwellers across industries: A case study in West Bengal

Banerjee, Shashwati; Goswami, Kishor

doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2019.102834

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Migrant workers from poor households have fewer resources than wealthy households, so their ability to spend on health care is limited. In the long run, migrant workers may avoid seeking medical attention due to the difference in their out-of-pocket expenditure(OOPE) between doctor visits and the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications [9]. Free medicines, surgery, and diagnostic tests in public health centers may reduce India's high OOPE and medical poverty [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Among Migrant Workers in India: A Narrative Review

Bhoi¹,

Joshi²,

Joshi³

2022

Cureus

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Migrant workers make significant contributions to host regions and economies in many nations, frequently working in vulnerable situations in crucial sectors like agricultural and food processing, transportation, health care, and construction sectors. India has one of the world's highest out-of-pocket spending rates, with a cost making up about 62.6% of total health expenses. Migrant workers face healthcare financing burdens due to medical expenses resulting in large out-of-pocket payments. This narrative review aims to gain insight into why migrant workers face out-of-pocket expenditures on health and explore the inclusion of migrant workers in the existing healthcare system in India. For the literature search, databases like PubMed and Google Scholar were used to find relevant articles. This review will be helpful from the public health perspective in illustrating the need for studies and research on the health rights of migrant workers, their healthcare finances, and the social protection of such vulnerable populations who are poor and marginalized. Due to various health disparities, migrant workers may incur unforeseen out-of-pocket costs for the household healthcare system. Health insurance enhances the likelihood of accessing healthcare and minimizes out-of-pocket expenses on inpatient services. Patients' visits to primary healthcare facilities are not increased by health insurance; hospitals remain the primary healthcare provider. Most interstate migrant workers remain unprotected and burdened by the cost of healthcare due to OOP payments in case of medical emergencies. The legal status is a crucial predictor of migrants' access to affordable and adequate health care in a country.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Among Migrant Workers in India: A Narrative Review

Bhoi¹,

Joshi²,

Joshi³

2022

Cureus

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“…The danger of eviction was reported by one study (3.7%) [ 103 ], lack or poor access to basic services (water, electricity, sanitation) by six studies (22%) [ 39 , 68 , 104 – 107 ], and lack of planning and/or building regulation by eight studies (29.6%) [ 39 , 68 , 104 , 106 – 109 ]. Additional elements were reported by nine studies (33.3%) [ 68 , 103 , 105 – 112 ] and included dense populations or shelters, discrimination of the inhabitants, low socio-economic status, high unemployment or employment in informal or low-skill jobs and inhabitants with poor health status (Table 2 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is primarily residential with small businesses such as kiosks and grocery stalls Kusuma, 2019 [ 108 ] Dwellings walled and roofed with tin/asbestos sheets. Questionable legality Inhabited by the people, who migrated to work in the industries and factories long back and started living by establishing their hold in these areas by constructing their own houses Banerjee, 2019 [ 112 ] Dwellers are mostly from lower social and economic status and remain more exposed to the physically demanding jobs, poorer health status, and associated disabilities Adams, 2020 [ 107 ] limited access to basic services Inadequate housing Crowding, insecurity …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The economics of healthcare access: a scoping review on the economic impact of healthcare access for vulnerable urban populations in low- and middle-income countries

Filha

Phillips‐Howard

et al. 2022

Int J Equity Health

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Background The growing urban population imposes additional challenges for health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We explored the economic burden and inequities in healthcare utilisation across slum, non-slum and levels of wealth among urban residents in LMICs. Methods This scoping review presents a narrative synthesis and descriptive analysis of studies conducted in urban areas of LMICs. We categorised studies as conducted only in slums, city-wide studies with measures of wealth and conducted in both slums and non-slums settlements. We estimated the mean costs of accessing healthcare, the incidence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) and the progressiveness and equity of health expenditures. The definitions of slums used in the studies were mapped against the 2018 UN-Habitat definition. We developed an evidence map to identify research gaps on the economics of healthcare access in LMICs. Results We identified 64 studies for inclusion, the majority of which were from South-East Asia (59%) and classified as city-wide (58%). We found severe economic burden across health conditions, wealth quintiles and study types. Compared with city-wide studies, slum studies reported higher direct costs of accessing health care for acute conditions and lower costs for chronic and unspecified health conditions. Healthcare expenditures for chronic conditions were highest amongst the richest wealth quintiles for slum studies and more equally distributed across all wealth quintiles for city-wide studies. The incidence of CHE was similar across all wealth quintiles in slum studies and concentrated among the poorest residents in city-wide studies. None of the definitions of slums used covered all characteristics proposed by UN-Habitat. The evidence map showed that city-wide studies, studies conducted in India and studies on unspecified health conditions dominated the current evidence on the economics of healthcare access. Most of the evidence was classified as poor quality. Conclusions Our findings indicated that city-wide and slums residents have different expenditure patterns when accessing healthcare. Financial protection schemes must consider the complexity of healthcare provision in the urban context. Further research is needed to understand the causes of inequities in healthcare expenditure in rapidly expanding and evolving cities in LMICs.

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“… – [ 59 ] 5.39 5.01 5.21 2.79* Literacy rate (%) Higher educational level leads to better employment prospects and livelihood. + [ 60 ] 65.72 45.84 57.11 13.10* Female literacy rate (%) An educated female can get a job and earn respect in the society and contribute positively to the livelihood security. + [ 60 ] 59.89 42.54 52.28 7.77* Literacy rate (%) of children below 14 years Slum dwellers are not able to send their children for better education due to low income.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… + [ 60 ] 65.72 45.84 57.11 13.10* Female literacy rate (%) An educated female can get a job and earn respect in the society and contribute positively to the livelihood security. + [ 60 ] 59.89 42.54 52.28 7.77* Literacy rate (%) of children below 14 years Slum dwellers are not able to send their children for better education due to low income. + [ 60 ] 89.02 64.27 76.40 8.99* Female-headed households (%) Female-headed households are highly susceptible in urban settlements and face several constraints to living with dignity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are livelihoods of slum dwellers sustainable and secure in developing economies? Evidences from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh in India

Nayak,

Jatav

2023

Heliyon

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The occupational illness of slum dwellers across industries: A case study in West Bengal

Cited by 8 publications

References 42 publications

Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Among Migrant Workers in India: A Narrative Review

Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Among Migrant Workers in India: A Narrative Review

The economics of healthcare access: a scoping review on the economic impact of healthcare access for vulnerable urban populations in low- and middle-income countries

Are livelihoods of slum dwellers sustainable and secure in developing economies? Evidences from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh in India

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