The occurrence of flowering and fruiting on individual trees over 3 years and their effects on subsequent crown condition

Innes, John L.

doi:10.1007/bf00196638

Cited by 51 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Seed production may be increased by drought, but often drops during the two to three years following a drought. Such an observation was reported for beech after the 1989 drought in Britain [66,70]. More recently in Germany, Eichhorn et al [43] showed that over 80% of the beech trees exhibited a heavy mast production during 2004, which was the highest figure since 1990.…”

Section: Delayed Effects Of Drought On Wood Leaf and Fruit Productionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…As a consequence of higher mast production, leaf area is reduced and crown transparency increases. However, it is not clear whether the process that triggers the drought-induced flowering and seed production also triggers the dieback or whether the relationship between dieback and fruit production is directly causal [70]. Controversial observations were reported for beech vs. spruce or Scots pine.…”

Section: Delayed Effects Of Drought On Wood Leaf and Fruit Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences

et al. 2006

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-The extreme drought event that occurred in Western Europe during 2003 highlighted the need to understand the key processes that may allow trees and stands to overcome such severe water shortages. We therefore reviewed the current knowledge available about such processes. First, impact of drought on exchanges at soil-root and canopy-atmosphere interfaces are presented and illustrated with examples from water and CO 2 flux measurements. The decline in transpiration and water uptake and in net carbon assimilation due to stomatal closure has been quantified and modelled. The resulting models were used to compute water balance at stand level basing on the 2003 climate in nine European forest sites from the CARBOEUROPE network. Estimates of soil water deficit were produced and provided a quantitative index of soil water shortage and therefore of the intensity of drought stress experienced by trees during summer 2003. In a second section, we review the irreversible damage that could be imposed on water transfer within trees and particularly within xylem. A special attention was paid to the inter-specific variability of these properties among a wide range of tree species. The inter-specific diversity of hydraulic and stomatal responses to soil water deficit is also discussed as it might reflect a large diversity in traits potentially related to drought tolerance. Finally, tree decline and mortality due to recurrent or extreme drought events are discussed on the basis of a literature review and recent decline studies. The potential involvement of hydraulic dysfunctions or of deficits in carbon storage as causes for the observed long term (several years) decline of tree growth and development and for the onset of tree dieback is discussed. As an example, the starch content in stem tissues recorded at the end of the 2003's summer was used to predict crown conditions of oak trees during the following spring: low starch contents were correlated with large twig and branch decline in the crown of trees. drought / water balance / time lag effect / hydraulic properties / dieback Résumé -Arbres et peuplements forestiers tempérés soumis à sécheresse : une revue des réponses écophysiologiques, des processus d'adaptation et des conséquences à long terme. La sécheresse exceptionnelle de 2003 a été l'occasion de faire le point de nos connaissances sur les mécanismes écophysiologiques permettant aux arbres de traverser un tel évènement climatique extrême. L'analyse a été conduite à l'échelle de l'arbre et du peuplement, tandis que l'intensité de la sécheresse a été quantifiée à l'aide d'un calcul de bilan hydrique sur neuf sites forestiers européens contrastés du réseau CARBOEUROPE. Le rôle du couvert dans les échanges avec l'atmosphère est rappelé puis intégré dans l'analyse des réductions de bilan d'eau et de carbone en 2003 dus à la régulation stomatique. Les caractéristiques du complexe sol-racine, important à la fois pour l'accès à la ressource et à l'efficience de son absorption, constituent un des premiers traits d'ada...

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Section: Delayed Effects Of Drought On Wood Leaf and Fruit Productionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Delayed Effects Of Drought On Wood Leaf and Fruit Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences

et al. 2006

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“…The latter also applies Fagus (Innes 1994) and may apply to Quercus and Tilia as well. Positive correlations with winter or spring temperatures have been observed for Quercus in Poland and the Czech mountains (van der Knaap et al 2010, this volume).…”

Section: Effect Of Temperatures In Flowering Yearmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of climate conditions on inter-annual flowering variability monitored by pollen traps below the canopy in Draved Forest, Denmark

Nielsen

Møller

Giesecke

et al. 2010

Veget Hist Archaeobot

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Since 1967 annual pollen deposition has been monitored in the semi-natural mixed deciduous woodland Draved Forest by the Geological Survey of Denmark. In this paper, we analyse the variability in pollen accumulation rates for the eight most common deciduous trees, and their relationships to monthly temperature and precipitation. High summer temperatures in the year before flowering have a positive effect on pollen deposition for several species. A positive correlation between temperatures during the flowering season and pollen accumulation rates is found for Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior and Corylus avellana. The amount of precipitation can have both positive and negative effects on pollen accumulation, depending on species and on time of year. Linear modelling showed that combinations of monthly climate parameters could explain between 10 and 80% of the variation observed in different species. There were marked differences in the time series of pollen accumulation and pollen/climate relationships for some species between traps within the forest related to the location of trees near the traps. This underlines the importance of using multiple traps in a region for this type of study. Time series analyses were used to test for cyclicity in pollen accumulation rates, which could be caused by resource limitations or internal biological factors. No significant autocorrelations were found, although Alnus glutinosa showed a tendency towards 3-year cyclicity. These results indicate that, with the possible exception of Alnus glutinosa, temperature and precipitation are the main factors controlling the annual variability in pollen deposition of the trees in Draved Forest.

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“…The position within the canopy affects holm oak phenology and flowering (Innes, 1994;Nuzzo et al, 1997;La Mantia et al, 2003). Peter and Harrington (2002) found higher acorn production in the top half of the canopy in Quercus alba stands.…”

Section: Other Factors Affecting Acorn Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acorn production in Spanish holm oak woodlands

2006

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We present a review on the state-of-the-art of fruit prodution in Western Iberia woodlands («dehesas»), and particularly in Q. ilex (holm oak) «dehesas». This threatened ecosystem is of very high ecological and economical importance. Quercus sp. fruits (acorns) are essential for wildlife, and for pig fattening in «dehesas». In the first part of this review we briefly describe the phenology of the holm oak and the factors affecting acorn morphology and chemical composition.In the second half we analyze the main known factors reported in the literature that determine acorn production: pruning, stand characteristics, and site (weather and soil). We make several suggestions to improve future research and detect the existing gaps in the undertanding of acorn production.Fruit production is highly variable, both between and within years and individuals. The mean production in «dehesas» (mean density circa 50 trees/ha) is around 250-600 kg/ha (≈100 g/canopy-m 2 , CV > 100%). Acorn morphology is also very variable, with mean sound acorn size around 3.5 × 1.6 cm, CV ≈ 10% (3.5 g/acorn, CV > 50%). Silviculture plays an essential role in acorn production. Acorn production per tree seems to be negatively related to density. The effect of pruning is less clear: production seems to be reduced in the first and second years after pruning. After the third year it is not possible to discern from the literature whether there is any response to pruning or not. Weather and soil (site) also impact production and their effects should be explored in future management. The influence of genetics is unknown and should also be addressed. Longer data series are necessary. The dasometric features of the stands need to be characterized, in order to better understand production and compare results from different locations. Much research is still required to understand the functioning of fruiting in these woodlands.Key words: Quercus ilex, holm oak, acorn, fruit production, dehesa, agrosilvopastoral systems. Resumen Producción de bellota en las dehesas españolas de encinaEl alto interés ecológico y económico de la producción de fruto en las dehesas ibéricas, concretamente las de encina (Quercus ilex), nos ha movido a realizar una revisión del estado actual de conocimientos. Los frutos (bellotas) de Quercus sp. resultan esenciales para la fauna salvaje y el engorde de ganado porcino en las dehesas. En la primera parte de este trabajo se describen brevemente las características fenológicas de la especie, así como los factores que influyen en la variabilidad morfológica y la composición bromatológica del fruto. En la segunda parte se analizan los factores fundamentales estudiados en la bibliografía que determinan la producción: la poda, las características dasométricas (densidad y distribución diamétrica) y la influencia del sitio (suelo y clima). Se realizan sugerencias para mejorar futuras líneas de trabajo, así como se subrayan áreas de conocimiento deficitarias.La producción es muy variable tanto intra-como interanualmente. La producció...

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The occurrence of flowering and fruiting on individual trees over 3 years and their effects on subsequent crown condition

Cited by 51 publications

References 46 publications

Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences

Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences

The effect of climate conditions on inter-annual flowering variability monitored by pollen traps below the canopy in Draved Forest, Denmark

Acorn production in Spanish holm oak woodlands

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