The occurrence of the toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) on the West Coast of the USA, 1920–1996: a review

Fryxell, Greta A.; Villac, Maria Célia; Shapiro, Lynda P.

doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-36-6-419.1

Cited by 88 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Since the number of toxigenic blooms has also become more frequent along the California coast (Allen 1922;Fryxell et al 1997;Jeffery et al 2004), these events are likely causally related. The subset of 20 sea lions that tested positive for domoic acid upon admission to rehabilitation and later developed epilepsy indicate that a progression from an 'acute' case to a 'chronic' case is possible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Domoic acid is a potent marine neurotoxin produced by some diatom species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia that appear to be becoming more frequent along the California coast (Allen 1922;Fryxell et al 1997;Jeffery et al 2004). Blooms of other toxigenic algae worldwide also appear to be increasing in extent, frequency and type in recent years, although the reasons for this are unclear ( Van Dolah 2000;HARNESS 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Novel symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ): an increasing risk to marine mammal health

Mazet²,

et al. 2007

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Harmful algal blooms are increasing worldwide, including those of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. producing domoic acid off the California coast. This neurotoxin was first shown to cause mortality of marine mammals in 1998. A decade of monitoring California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) health since then has indicated that changes in the symptomatology and epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in this species are associated with the increase in toxigenic blooms. Two separate clinical syndromes now exist: acute domoic acid toxicosis as has been previously documented, and a second novel neurological syndrome characterized by epilepsy described here associated with chronic consequences of previous sub-lethal exposure to the toxin. This study indicates that domoic acid causes chronic damage to California sea lions and that these health effects are increasing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ): an increasing risk to marine mammal health

Mazet²,

et al. 2007

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“…Pseudo-nitzschia species are also known to form dense blooms (10 6 to 10 8 cells l À1 ), which are often more or less monospecific, accounting for up to 99% of the total phytoplankton and sometimes lasting for a long time, up to two months (e.g. Bates et al, 1989;Martin et al, 1990;Fryxell et al, 1997;Gallacher et al, 2001). It is known that DA leaks, or is actively transported, out of the cells, resulting in high levels of the toxin in the surrounding medium (reviewed by Bates, 1998;Wells et al, 2005).…”

Section: Allelopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity, monitoring and impacts on ecosystem health

et al. 2012

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“…The blooms are sometimes reported to be more or less monospecific, accounting for up to 99% of the total phytoplankton (e.g. Subba Rao et al 1988, Martin et al 1990, Walz et al 1994, Dortch et al 1997, Fryxell et al 1997, Gallacher et al 2001, Stonik et al 2001. Apart from being monospecific, some of these blooms have been recorded to last for a long time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of allelopathic effects of the domoic acid-producing marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries

Lundholm¹,

Hansen²,

Kotaki³

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Many Pseudo-nitzschia species produce the toxin domoic acid, which accumulates in the food web during blooms, sometimes causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in higher trophic levels, including humans. In addition, Pseudo-nitzschia species have been reported to form longlasting monospecific blooms, and a possible explanation for this could be allelopathic effects of the toxin, since domoic acid has been detected in high amounts in the surrounding medium in stationary growth phase. We therefore examined the potential allelopathic effects of P. multiseries and its toxin domoic acid. In mixed-batch culture studies of domoic acid-producing P. multiseries and the algal test species Chrysochromulina ericina, Heterocapsa triquetra, Eutreptiella gymnastica and Rhodomonas marina, no allelopathic effects of P. multiseries were found. Different growth results using 2 different strains of P. multiseries grown with C. ericina were explained by minor differences in pH. Bioassays testing the effect of domoic acid itself on 9 different phytoplankton species, namely C. ericina, E. gymnastica, Karenia mikimotoi, H. triquetra, Heterosigma akashiwo, Prorocentrum minimum, P. micans, Pyramimonas propulsa and R. marina confirmed a lack of allelopathic effects of the toxin. This lack of allelopathic effect of the shellfish-poisoning toxin domoic acid seems to correspond with the results of phytoplankton species causing DSP (diarrheic shellfish poisoning) and PSP (paralytic shellfish poisoning), where it appears that these shellfish-poisoning toxins do not cause allelopathic effects either.

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The occurrence of the toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) on the West Coast of the USA, 1920–1996: a review

Cited by 88 publications

References 30 publications

Novel symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ): an increasing risk to marine mammal health

Novel symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ): an increasing risk to marine mammal health

Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity, monitoring and impacts on ecosystem health

Lack of allelopathic effects of the domoic acid-producing marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries

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