The Oncogenetic Basis of Breast Cancer

Parsons, Ramon

doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-06634-4.50005-4

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 90 publications

(114 reference statements)

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“…Typical normal and nonlactating female human breast tissue thickness is around 50 mm [ 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Nearly 50% of breast tumors occur in the quadrant close to the armpit [ 54 ], where the thickness of the breast is less than 25 mm. Considering a mildly compressed breast spanning between the skin surface and rib cage, the sensor needs to be able to detect a depth of at least 30 mm.…”

Section: Phased Array Loopsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tuned Microwave Resonant System for Subcutaneous Imaging

Bing

Chawang

Chiao

2023

Sensors

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A compact and planar imaging system was developed using a flexible polymer substrate that can distinguish subcutaneous tissue abnormalities, such as breast tumors, based on electromagnetic-wave interactions in materials where permittivity variations affect wave reflection. The sensing element is a tuned loop resonator operating in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band at 2.423 GHz, providing a localized high-intensity electric field that penetrates into tissues with sufficient spatial and spectral resolutions. The resonant frequency shifts and magnitudes of the reflection coefficients indicate the boundaries of abnormal tissues under the skin due to their high contrasts to normal tissues. The sensor was tuned to the desired resonant frequency with a reflection coefficient of −68.8 dB for a radius of 5.7 mm, with a tuning pad. Quality factors of 173.1 and 34.4 were achieved in simulations and measurements in phantoms. An image-processing method was introduced to fuse raster-scanned 9 × 9 images of resonant frequencies and reflection coefficients for image-contrast enhancement. The results showed a clear indication of the tumor’s location at a depth of 15 mm and the capability to identify two tumors both at the depth of 10 mm. The sensing element can be expanded to a four-element phased array for deeper field penetration. Field analysis showed the depths of −20 dB attenuation were improved from 19 to 42 mm, giving wider coverage in tissues at resonance. Results showed that a quality factor of 152.5 was achieved and a tumor could be identified at a depth of up to 50 mm. In this work, simulations and measurements were conducted to validate the concept, showing great potential for subcutaneous imaging in medical applications in a noninvasive, efficient, and lower-cost way.

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Section: Phased Array Loopsmentioning

confidence: 99%