The Open Field: Some Comparative Data*

Candland, Douglas K.; Nagy, Z. Michael

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb12982.x

Cited by 138 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…These changes were consistent with those reported by many other investigators [5,6,8,9,10,12], although none of them have studied strain differences of OF behavior with regard to age and habituation.…”

supporting

confidence: 81%

Chaacteristics of Open Field Behavior of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley Rats

Asano

1986

Experimental Animals

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The open field test (OFT) was carried out on Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats between the ages of 3 to 20 weeks. At that time, the behavior of each naive rat was observed for two 3-minute periods separated by an interval of 24 h (Day).The OFT scores varied depending on the day and the age.Comparatively higher activity was observed in the extent of ambulation and rearing at 5 weeks old, rearing and preening at 7 weeks old, and preening and defecation at 11 weeks old in the Sprague-Dawley rats compared with the Wistar rats.

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supporting

confidence: 81%

Chaacteristics of Open Field Behavior of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley Rats

Asano

1986

Experimental Animals

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“…For example, open ¢eld activity is decreased by high illumination (e.g. McLearn 1960;DeFries et al 1966;Candland & Nagy 1969;Livesey & Egger 1970;Naggy & Glaser 1970;Valle 1970; see also Walsh & Cummins (1976) for a review), and this e¡ect has been attributed, by some, to an activity-suppressing in£uence of fear (e.g. DeFries et al 1966).…”

Section: L Ig H T-e N H a Nc E D Sta Rt L E (A) The Light-enhanced mentioning

confidence: 99%

Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex

Davis

Walker

Lee

1997

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

220

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Neural stimuli associated with traumatic events can readily become conditioned so as to reinstate the memory of the original trauma. These conditioned fear responses can last a lifetime and may be especially resistant to extinction. A large amount of data from many di¡erent laboratories indicate that the amygdala plays a crucial role in conditioned fear. The amygdala receives information from all sensory modalities and projects to a variety of hypothalamic and brainstem target areas known to be critically involved in speci¢c signs that are used to de¢ne fear and anxiety. Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits a pattern of behaviours that mimic natural or conditioned states of fear. Lesions of the amygdala block innate or conditioned fear and local infusion of drugs into the amygdala have anxiolytic e¡ects in several behavioural tests. Excitatory amino acid receptors in the amygdala are critical for the acquisition, expression and extinction of conditioned fear.

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“…Many species, however, display nonlinear activity profiles when first placed into an open field, indicating a complexity in this behavior. Drosophila melanogaster, several species of rodents, chickens, domestic cats, and dogs all demonstrate an elevated level of initial activity, followed by a rapid decline to a lower steady-state level of ambulation when assayed in an open field arena (Glickman and Hartz 1964;Connolly 1967;Candland and Nagy 1969;Lát and Gollová-Hemon 1969). Some insight into the initial elevated activity component came when Ewing (1963) and Connolly (1967) selectively bred Drosophila for differences in locomotor activity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploratory Activity in Drosophila Requires thekurtzNonvisual Arrestin

2007

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When Drosophila adults are placed into an open field arena, they initially exhibit an elevated level of activity followed by a reduced stable level of spontaneous activity. We have found that the initial elevated component arises from the fly's interaction with the novel arena since: (1) the increased activity is independent of handling prior to placement within the arena, (2) the fly's elevated activity is proportional to the size of the arena, and (3) the decay in activity to spontaneous levels requires both visual and olfactory input. These data indicate that active exploration is the major component of elevated initial activity. There is a specific requirement for the kurtz nonvisual arrestin in the nervous system for both the exploration stimulated by the novel arena and the mechanically stimulated activity. kurtz is not required for spontaneous activity; kurtz mutants display normal levels of spontaneous activity and average the same velocities as wild-type controls. Inhibition of dopamine signaling has no effect on the elevated initial activity phase in either wild-type or krz 1 mutants. Therefore, the exploratory phase of open field activity requires kurtz in the nervous system, but is independent of dopamine's stimulation of activity.

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The Open Field: Some Comparative Data*

Cited by 138 publications

References 7 publications

Chaacteristics of Open Field Behavior of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley Rats

Chaacteristics of Open Field Behavior of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley Rats

Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex

Exploratory Activity in Drosophila Requires thekurtzNonvisual Arrestin

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