The optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible leucine to lysine for 8 to 12 kg female pigs1

Soumeh, Elham Assadi; Milgen, Jaap van; Sloth, N. M.; Corrent, E.; Poulsen, Hanne; Nørgaard, J.V.

doi:10.2527/jas.2014-8699

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The AIC, which was used to evaluate the adequacy of the models, showed that the quadratic-function model was an appropriate model for estimating the Leu requirement. The quadratic-function analysis revealed that the SID Leu : Lys level required to optimise growth was, on average, 108%, which is markedly higher than the estimates of 102% obtained by Gloaguen et al (2013a) and 93% obtained by Soumeh et al (2015) and is also higher than the estimate of 100% recommended by the NRC (2012). The observed effects of the high-Leu diets on FI and growth can probably be explained by the recently described anorexigenic effect of Leu (Cota et al, 2006;Wiltafsky et al, 2010;Wessels et al, 2016) and the finding that an excessive consumption of Leu may induce its own degradation via an irreversible oxidative-decarboxylation reaction by the BCKDH complex, which limits growth (Wiltafsky et al, 2010;Wessels et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…In 2013, Gloaguen et al (2013a and2013b) estimated the Leu requirement of piglets based on a curvilinear-plateau model and suggested that 102% was an appropriate SID Leu : Lys level to maximise the daily gain of piglets fed a low-CP diet. However, Soumeh et al (2015) found that a SID Leu : Lys level of 93% was sufficient to maximise growth in 8 to 12 kg female piglets. Leu is an indispensable AA, but it may also have adverse effects on feed intake (FI) and growth when given in excess amounts in relation to other AA, particularly in relation to valine and isoleucine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of the leucine and histidine requirements for piglets fed a low-protein diet

Wessels

Kluge

Mielenz

et al. 2016

Animal

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Reduction of the CP content in the diets of piglets requires supplementation with crystalline essential amino acids (AA). Data on the leucine (Leu) and histidine (His) requirements of young pigs fed low-CP diets are limited and have primarily been obtained from nonlinear models. However, these models do not consider the possible decline in appetite and growth that can occur when pigs are fed excessive amounts of AA such as Leu. Therefore, two dose-response studies were conducted to estimate the standardised ileal digestible (SID) Leu : lysine (Lys) and His : Lys required to optimise the growth performance of young pigs. In both studies, the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain-to-feed ratio (G : F) were determined during a 6-week period. To ensure that the diets had sub-limiting Lys levels, a preliminary Lys dose-response study was conducted. In the Leu study, 60 35-day-old piglets of both sexes were randomly assigned to one of five treatments and fed a low-CP diet (15%) with SID Leu : Lys levels of 83%, 94%, 104%, 115% or 125%. The His study used 120 31-day-old piglets of both sexes, which were allotted to one of five treatments and fed a low-CP diet (14%) with SID His : Lys levels of 22%, 26%, 30%, 34% or 38%. Linear broken-line, curvilinear-plateau and quadratic-function models were used for estimations of SID Leu : Lys and SID His : Lys. The minimum SID Leu : Lys level needed to maximise ADG, ADFI and G : F was, on average, 101% based on the linear broken-line and curvilinear-plateau models. Using the quadratic-function model, the minimum SID Leu : Lys level needed to maximise ADG, ADFI and G : F was 108%. Data obtained from the quadratic-function analysis further showed that a ±10% deviation from the identified Leu requirement was accompanied by a small decline in the ADG (−3%). The minimum SID His : Lys level needed to maximise ADG, ADFI and G : F was 27% and 28% using the linear broken-line and curvilinear-plateau models, respectively, and 33% using the quadratic-function model. The preferred model to estimate the His requirement was the curvilinear-plateau model. However, a 10% reduction in the SID His : Lys level was associated with an 11% reduction in the ADG. In conclusion, the SID Leu : Lys level needed to maximise growth was 108% when using the quadratic-function model as the best-fitting model. The minimum SID His : Lys level required to optimise growth was 28% when using the curvilinear-plateau model as the best-fitting model.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the leucine and histidine requirements for piglets fed a low-protein diet

Wessels

Kluge

Mielenz

et al. 2016

Animal

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“…Metabolism of BCAAs are known to interact with each other, and it is generally believed that excessive supply of dietary leucine leads to catabolism of isoleucine and valine [7,8]. However, recently excessive supply of isoleucine was shown to reduce growth in post-weaning of pigs [7], whereas, the excessive supply of leucine or valine had no negative effects on growth performance [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Net Absorption and Metabolism of β-Hydroxy- β-Methyl Butyrate during Late Gestation in a Pig Model

Kristensen

Krogh

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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The leucine metabolite, β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate (HMB), is widely used in human nutrition and animal production as a nutritional supplement. Although the HMB usage during late gestation has been demonstrated to have a positive effect on fetal development, knowledge on net absorption and metabolism of HMB and impact of HMB on branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) metabolism is lacking. To address this, we conducted a study using pigs during the perinatal period as a model organism. Eight-second parity sows were fitted with indwelling catheters in the femoral artery and in the portal, hepatic, femoral, and mesenteric veins. Eight hourly sets of blood samples were taken starting 30 min before the morning meal on day –10 and day –3 relative to parturition. Four control (CON) sows were fed a standard lactation diet from day –15 and throughout the experiment, and 4 HMB sows were fed the control diet supplemented with 15 mg Ca(HMB)2/kg body weight mixed in one third of the morning meal from day –10 until parturition. Blood gases, plasma metabolites, milk compositions, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients were measured. Arterial plasma concentrations of HMB (p < 0.001), Cys (p < 0.001), and Lys (p < 0.10) were increased in HMB supplemented sows, while arterial plasma triglycerides concentration was decreased (p < 0.05). The net portal recovery of Ala and Asp were increased in HMB sows (p < 0.05). Sows fed HMB had increased hepatic vein flow and net hepatic fluxes of Met, Asn, and Gln (p < 0.05). In contrast, the femoral extraction rates of Ala and Ser were decreased by dietary HMB supplementation (p < 0.05). Dietary HMB treatment and sampling time relative to feeding had an interaction on arterial concentrations, net portal fluxes, and femoral extraction rates of BCAAs. The net portal recovery of HMB was 88%, while 14% of supplemented HMB was excreted through urine and 4% through feces. Moreover, the gastrointestinal tract metabolized 8% while the liver metabolized 12%. Finally, 26% of the daily intake of HMB was secreted via colostrum at the day of farrowing. This study demonstrated that dietary HMB supplementation increased net uptake of amino acids and increased fatty acid oxidation through improving blood flow and insulin sensitivity during the late gestation. Most importantly, oral HMB administration could maintain a stable postprandial absorption and altered metabolism in BCAAs. Net portal flux of HMB at 5.5 to 6.5 h after feeding approached zero, indicating that HMB ideally should be administrated two or three times, daily.

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“…Diets from the 3 previous studies (Soumeh et al, 2014;Soumeh et al, 2015a;Soumeh et al, 2015b) were stored at -20 °C and used in the 3 new experiments. The diets were based on wheat, barley, and fermented soybean meal as the main ingredients and were formulated to provide the same nitrogen and NE content ( Table 1).…”

Section: Animals and Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A common approach to studying AA requirement is to run dose-response experiments where body weight gain and feed intake are evaluated for 2 to 4 weeks. In our previous 3 studies on Ile (Soumeh et al, 2014), Leu (Soumeh et al, 2015a), and Val (Soumeh et al, 2015b), the requirement of those AA was estimated for 8 to 18 kg pigs by evaluating feed intake and weight gain during 2 weeks, but also by quantifying AA and other metabolites in the blood and urine. In these studies, a general trend of a decrease in plasma AA concentrations with increasing provision of the limiting AA was observed which can be indicative of improved AA utilization for growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of metabolic profile in short-term studies for estimating optimum dietary isoleucine, leucine, and valine for pigs

Nørgaard

Soumeh

Curtasu

et al. 2017

Animal Feed Science and Technology

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Traditional AA dose-response studies utilize many animals for evaluation of growth performance, and it is hypothesized that a new experimental design based on modern analytical techniques can reduce the number of used animals. The objective was to evaluate a short-term approach with a low number of pigs based on plasma metabolites as a method to determine the dietary Ile, Leu, and Val requirements. Three separate 6 x 6 Latin square experiments having 6 replicates per treatment were conducted with 6 diets containing increasing concentrations of Ile, Leu, and Val which were fed to 6 pigs (BW 8 to 9 kg) for 2 days, each without a wash-out period for a period of 12 days. The diets were prepared and used in 3 previous traditional-design dose-response studies and had been stored at-20 °C. Blood samples were collected at the end of each 2-day period, and plasma was analyzed for AA and other metabolites using a metabolomics approach. Out of the 18 analyzed plasma AA, 11, 16, and 3 AA for Ile, Leu, or Val, respectively, showed linear or quadratic responses (P < 0.05) which 2 could be linked to animal growth. The same was found for 4 non-AA metabolites in the Ile, and for 7 non-AA metabolites in the Leu study. 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, ketohexanoic acid, and αketoisovaleric acid were discriminating metabolites for both Ile and Leu. It was possible to fit least squares means of 5, 14, and 2 metabolites in the Ile, Leu, and Val experiments to curvilinear-plateau, broken-line, or quadratic models and thereby estimate an optimum dietary BCAA level. The average optimum BCAA levels across metabolites and models were 0.54 standardized ileal digestible (SID) Ile:Lys, 1.04 SID Leu:Lys, and 0.68 SID Val:Lys which was close to optimums of 0.52, 0.93, and 0.70 found in the previous dose-response studies based on animal growth performance. In conclusion, certain plasma metabolites could be used to estimate Ile, Leu, and Val requirements, and 2 days of adaptation to a new diet was sufficient to reflect relevant biological changes in the blood to different levels of dietary AA in the current study.

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The optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible leucine to lysine for 8 to 12 kg female pigs1

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Estimation of the leucine and histidine requirements for piglets fed a low-protein diet

Estimation of the leucine and histidine requirements for piglets fed a low-protein diet

Net Absorption and Metabolism of β-Hydroxy- β-Methyl Butyrate during Late Gestation in a Pig Model

Use of metabolic profile in short-term studies for estimating optimum dietary isoleucine, leucine, and valine for pigs

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