The optoelectronic role of chlorine in CH3NH3PbI3(Cl)-based perovskite solar cells

Chen, Qi; Zhou, Huanping; Fang, Yihao; Stieg, Adam Z.; Song, Tze‐Bin; Wang, Hsin-Hua; Xu, Xiaobao; Liu, Yongsheng; Lu, Shirong; You, Jingbi; Sun, Pengyu; McKay, Jeff; Goorsky, Mark S.; Yang, Yang

doi:10.1038/ncomms8269

Cited by 439 publications

(392 citation statements)

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“…Later, chlorine incorporation was investigated to also improve the film crystallinity and provide a stable morphology as well as a better coverage in PVSCs 52. In addition, Cl incorporation was found to enhance the lifetime of the photoexcited species 53. However, experimental evidence for the presence of chloride in the perovskite films is less than 4% 54.…”

Section: Perovskite Layermentioning

confidence: 98%

Recent Progress on the Long‐Term Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2018

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As rapid progress has been achieved in emerging thin film solar cell technology, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have aroused many concerns with several desired properties for photovoltaic applications, including large absorption coefficients, excellent carrier mobility, long charge carrier diffusion lengths, low‐cost, and unbelievable progress. Power conversion efficiencies increased from 3.8% in 2009 up to the current world record of 22.1%. However, poor long‐term stability of PVSCs limits the future commercial application. Here, the degradation mechanisms for unstable perovskite materials and their corresponding solar cells are discussed. The strategies for enhancing the stability of perovskite materials and PVSCs are also summarized. This review is expected to provide helpful insights for further enhancing the stability of perovskite materials and PVSCs in this exciting field.

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Section: Perovskite Layermentioning

confidence: 98%

Recent Progress on the Long‐Term Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2018

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“…[11,[60][61][62] Yet the exact role chloride actually plays has been rather puzzling: while earlier reports suggested doping effects [63] that could explain the longer charge carrier diffusion lengths, finding chloride in the final perovskite films has been rather challenging. [11,62,64,65] Chloride seems to have mainly an effect on the crystal growth, as was suspected previously, [11,63] and it has since been shown that it is released together with excess MA during film annealing, or, in general, that it can facilitate the release of excess organic compounds. [62,66] Binek et al [67] showed that MAPbCl 3 crystallizes directly after the deposition of the starting solution, thus acting as a template for the formation of the desired iodide-based perovskite via a slow halide exchange from the iodide-rich environment.…”

Section: Role Of Chloride Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

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et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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following statement: These materials can be processed from solution and yet exhibit optoelectronic materials properties described in classic solid-state physics textbooks. This unprecedented combination has led to photovoltaic devices that can be processed at room temperature and achieve performance levels similar to industry giant polycrystalline silicon, from a starting point of 3.8% in 2009. [1][2][3][4] The first light-emitting electrochemical cells [5] and diodes [6][7][8] have also been introduced recently, leading to tunable light emission spectra and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 15%.The road towards these achievements has been marked by a constant improvement of perovskite deposition techniques fueled by our increasing understanding of the crystallization processes. The choice of deposition technique, either from solution or vapor, and the composition and order in which precursor species are applied has a great influence on the crystallization kinetics. Here, one can distinguish one-step methods where the perovskite is formed from a precursor mixture dissolved in a common solution, and two-step methods where the inorganic compound is deposited first and transformed to the perovskite phase later by addition of the organic constituents. [9][10][11] Furthermore, many parameters during processing can have an effect on the crystallization mechanism and consequently on film morphology, such as the choice of solvents, concentrations and processing additives that are often not incorporated into the final product. [11][12][13] We discuss this aspect in Section 2, where we focus our attention on the most commonly employed solution-based techniques. Additionally, as for any new technology trying to displace an incumbent technology, higher efficiencies, lower costs, reproducibility, stability, and sustainability are paramount. In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4. Finally, in Section 5 we discuss the framework for market introduction, such as cost reduction by choosing low-cost charge transport layers, or how the lifetime of perovskite absorbers can be extended by the choice of materials composition.Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone's expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, a...

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“…100 Most publications conclude that the crystallite size of MAPbI 3 is on the order of 25-75 nm. [101][102][103][104] But these estimates may be affected by broadening factors (e.g., microstrain). Other studies arrived at a crystallite size on the order of 1.5 μm, which is questionable, given that the resolution of common lab-based XRD instruments is not capable of measuring diffraction peaks this sharp.…”

Section: Analysis Of Thin Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations

et al. 2017

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ABSTRACT:Recently, there has been an explosive growth in research based on hybrid lead-halide perovskites for photovoltaics owing to rapid improvements in efficiency. The advent of these materials for solar applications has led to widespread interest in understanding the key enabling properties of these materials. This has resulted in renewed interest in related compounds and a search for materials that may replicate the defect-tolerant properties and long lifetimes of the hybrid lead-halide perovskites. Given the rapid pace of development of the field, the rises in efficiencies of these systems have outpaced the more basic understanding of these materials. Measuring or calculating the basic properties, such as crystal/electronic structure and composition, can be challenging because some of these materials have anisotropic structures, and/or are composed of both heavy metal cations and volatile, mobile, light elements. Some consequences are beam damage during characterization, composition change under vacuum, or compound effects, such as the alteration of the electronic structure through the influence of the substrate. These effects make it challenging to understand the basic properties integral to optoelectronic operation. Compounding these difficulties is the rapid pace with which the field progresses. This has created an ongoing need to continually evaluate best practices with respect to characterization and calculations, as well as to identify inconsistencies in reported values to determine if those inconsistencies are rooted in characterization methodology or materials synthesis. This article describes the difficulties in characterizing hybrid lead-halide perovskites and new materials, and how these challenges may be overcome. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 2 challenges discussed. The focus in this article is on crystallography, composition measurements, photoemission spectroscopy and calculations on perovskites and new, related absorbers. We suggest how some of the important artifacts could be avoided and how the reporting for each technique could be streamlined between groups to ensure reproducibility as the field progresses.

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The optoelectronic role of chlorine in CH3NH3PbI3(Cl)-based perovskite solar cells

Cited by 439 publications

References 50 publications

Recent Progress on the Long‐Term Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

Recent Progress on the Long‐Term Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations

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