The Origin and Development of the Compositæ

Small, James

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1917.tb07242.x

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…According to Harris, the order of initiation of whorls in Asteraceae florets is always corolla first, then stamens, then gynoecium, while the initiation of the pappus is plastic with regard to its timing, but seldom first. Heterochronic initiation of the corolla relative to the pappus in the Asteraceae was also reported by Small [ 28 ]. Harris [ 68 ] also mentioned that the order of organ initiation is constant within one species, and that organs of one type usually initiate simultaneously.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…As a result of its position on the outside of the florets and at the base of the corolla, the pappus is generally thought to be a modified calyx [ 26 ]. This is known as the phyllome theory [ 27 , 28 ]. However, its exact origin is hardly investigated, and the pappus has also been viewed as having a non-calycine nature [ 28 ], partly adopted by [ 29 ], for instance the trichome theory [ 27 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is known as the phyllome theory [ 27 , 28 ]. However, its exact origin is hardly investigated, and the pappus has also been viewed as having a non-calycine nature [ 28 ], partly adopted by [ 29 ], for instance the trichome theory [ 27 , 30 ]. One of the functions of sepals is the prevention of the developing flowers against damage from external factors, but this might have become (partly) redundant in Asteraceae, since the involucral bracts or scales protect the inflorescence as a whole [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sepal Identity of the Pappus and Floral Organ Development in the Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale; Asteraceae)

Vijverberg

Welten

Kraaij

et al. 2021

Plants

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The dry one-seeded fruits (cypselae) of the Asteraceae are often crowned with a pappus, an appendage of hairs or scales that assists in dispersal. It is generally assumed, but little investigated, that the pappus represents the outer floral whorl where the sepals are usually located. We analysed pappus–sepal homology in dandelions using micromorphological and floral gene expression analyses. We show that the pappus initiates from a ring primordium at the base of the corolla, heterochronic to the petals. Pappus parts form from this ring, with those in the alternipetalaous position usually being ahead in growth, referring to sepal identity. Tof-APETALLA1 expression increased during floret development and was highest in mature pappus. Tof-PISTILLATA expression was high and confined to the floral tissues containing the petals and stamens, consistent with expectations for sepals. Apart from the pappus, the dispersal structure of dandelion consists of the upper part of the fruit, the beak, which originates from the inner floral whorl. Thus, our results support the homology of the pappus with the sepals, but show that it is highly derived. Together with our floral stage definitions and verified qPCR reference genes, they provide a basis for evolution and development studies in dandelions and possibly other Asteraceae.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sepal Identity of the Pappus and Floral Organ Development in the Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale; Asteraceae)

Vijverberg

Welten

Kraaij

et al. 2021

Plants

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“…The study of fruits and seeds has been an integral part of plant taxonomy and systematics (Primack, 1987). Cypsela characters have been an aid in taxonomic studies of Compositae since the early twentieth century (Small, 1919). It is crucial in classification of Compositae primarily at the generic as well as species level (Bremer & Anderberg, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cypsela diversity in some members of Compositae through LM study and its taxonomic significance

Sikder

Moktan

2021

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Compositae (Asteraceae), also known as the sunflower family has evolved to become the most diverse and advanced angiosperm family. However, with high diversity, taxonomic complexities also arise at several levels. A reliable tool in resolving such taxonomic conundrums in this family is the characteristic fruit of Compositae known as “cypsela.” While most of the previous cypsela‐based studies have focused on specific tribes and species of Compositae, in this study, we shift our focus to the genus level and seek a broader understanding of the taxonomic relationships that prevail in this family. In order to achieve this, we sampled 25 genera of Compositae and subjected them to qualitative and quantitative analysis to resolve them into groups based on the degree of similarity. This study was conducted by employing light microscopy techniques for gathering the qualitative and quantitative morphological data of the cypselae. The qualitative data were collected on six key morphological characteristics—shape, color, base, surface ornamentation, ribs, and pappus types for all the members. These data were used to yield an artificial dichotomous key to genera for the 25 members. The quantitative data on dimensions (length, breadth) of the entire cypsela as well as the pappus and ribs were subjected to principal component analysis, to understand the covariance among these variables. Hierarchical clustering followed by dendrogram construction was used to visualize the patterns of correlation within the samples and make taxonomic conclusions. The resulting dendrogram showed four closely related clades that consisted of 23 out of the 25 members whereas 2 members emerged as outgroups. The results of this study commensurate with DNA‐based resolution of the concerned Compositae members, hence highlighting the reliability and significance of both light microscopy and morphology‐based studies that seem to be fading away otherwise.

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“…According to Webb (1976), the Cardueae originated in the Mediterranean and Western Asia where they are most diverse, having 40 genera. From this center, they spread throughout Europe, parts of North Africa and much of Asia, thereafter reaching North America via the Bering Strait land connection (Small 1919). Reflecting this history, the diversity of the tribe decreased from the Mediterranean and Western Asia to North America (Zwölfer & Romstöck‐Völkl 1991): in Japan, it is represented by nine genera (Kadota 1995), while in North America, by only three genera (Bremer 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faunal make‐up, host range and infestation rate of weevils and tephritid flies associated with flower heads of the thistle Cirsium (Cardueae: Astaraceae) in Japan

Nakamura

2004

Entomological Science

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From 1988 to 1998, we collected flower heads of 39 thistle taxa (35 taxa of Cirsium , one species each of Breea , Synurus , Saussurea and Arctium ; Cardueae; Astaraceae) in Japan, mainly from Hokuriku and other parts of central Honshu, and kept them in the laboratory to breed weevils and tephritid flies, the core fauna. We report the faunal make-up, host plants, geographic distribution and the attack levels of the insects. Results indicated that (i) three Larinus species (Curculionidae) and three species of tephritid flies ( Tephritis , Urophora and Xyphosia ) comprised the core fauna; (ii) two insect species belonging to the same taxonomic group (either Curculionidae ( Larinus ) or Tephritidae) tended to use different host plant species; (iii) two sympatric Larinus species ( L. latissimus and L. meleagris ) segregated the host plants seasonally in central Honshu ( Cirsium blooming in spring and autumn, respectively); and (iv) two tephritid fly species, Xyphosia punctigera and Urophora sachalinensis , segregated geographically (the former on the Japan Sea side and the latter on the Pacific Ocean side). In comparison with their European counterparts, the weevils and tephritids of the Japanese Cirsium are characterized by a lower species richness and a lower degree of specialization in usage of the thistle flower heads, with gall-formers being distinctly under-represented, and callus tissue-feeders being absent. This reflects the fact that Japanese thistles are so closely related that hybridization frequently occurs, and also that the thistles have had a short history of interaction with the insects since the thistles' arrival in Japan.

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The Origin and Development of the Compositæ

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Sepal Identity of the Pappus and Floral Organ Development in the Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale; Asteraceae)

Sepal Identity of the Pappus and Floral Organ Development in the Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale; Asteraceae)

Cypsela diversity in some members of Compositae through LM study and its taxonomic significance

Faunal make‐up, host range and infestation rate of weevils and tephritid flies associated with flower heads of the thistle Cirsium (Cardueae: Astaraceae) in Japan

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