The origin of khondalites: geochemical evidence from the Archean to Early Proterozoic granulite belt in the North China craton

Paleoproterozoic S-type granites in the Helanshan Complex, Khondalite Belt, North China Craton: Implications for rapid sediment recycling during slab break-off

“…Granulite facies metasedimentary rocks and S-type granites dominate the belt (e.g., Lu et al, 1996). The supracrustal metasedimentary sequences consist of graphite-garnet-sillimanite gneiss, garnet quartzite, felsic paragneiss, calc-silicate rock and marble, referred as the "Khondalite series" in the Chinese literature (Lu et al, 1992(Lu et al, , 1996, whose protoliths are traditionally considered to have been deposited on a stable continental margin (Condie et al, 1992;Lu et al, 1992Lu et al, , 1996 and underwent three stages of metamorphism and deformation (Zhao et al, 1999). Recently, based on U-Pb isotopic detrital zircon dating results, Dan et al (2012) proposed that the protoliths of the Khondalites were sourced mainly from ca.…”

Mineralogical, chemical composition and distribution of rare earth elements in clay-rich sediments from Southeastern Nigeria

“…The weathering history of ancient sedimentary rocks can be evaluated in part by examining relationships among the alkali and alkaline earth elements such as Ca, Na, Mg and K. This is because alteration of igneous rocks during weathering results in depletion of alkali and alkaline earth elements and preferential enrichment of Al 2 O 3 in sediments (Nesbitt and Young, 1982). McLennan et al, (1983) Taylor and Mclennan (1985), Condie et al, (1992), Cullers (1995), Armstrong-Altrin et al, (2004) have suggested that major element geochemistry of sedimentary rocks is useful in provenance, weathering and chemical mobility studies, and their trace elements (Cr, Th, Hf, Nb, Zr) and rare earth elements (La, Ce, Y, Sc, Sm,) are good indicators of provenance, weathering, depositional condition and chemical mobility because of their relatively low mobility during sedimentary deposition. The relative distribution of immobile elements such as La and Th (Felsic rock) and Sc, Cr and Co (basic rocks) has been used to infer sources' relative contribution in claystone from different environments (Wronkiewicsz and Condie, 1990).…”

Retrograde metamorphism of ultrahigh‐temperature granulites from the khondalite belt in Inner Mongolia, North China Craton: evidence from aluminous orthopyroxenes

“…In several regions, Grt-bearing granitic gneisses and layers and lenses of amphibolites occur associated with the various metasedimentary units. Previous geochemical studies on the khondalites revealed features including enrichment of large ion lithophile elements, low Zr-Hf-Sr content, significant enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and negative Eu anomalies, indicating that the rocks were derived through high-grade granulite facies metamorphism of interlayered psammitic, psammopelitic and carbonaceous sediments deposited in a shallow sea on a continental shelf (Condie et al, 1992;Li et al, 2000). However, the occurrence of amphibolites, metagabbros, TTG (tonalite-trondhjemitegranidiorite) gneisses, banded iron formations and calcalkaline intrusions including charnockites and granites suggest a subduction-accretion-collision history for the IMSZ (Santosh, 2010), similar to the model recently proposed for the Cambrian Gondwana suture in southern India (Santosh et al, 2009a).…”