The Origin of Microstructural Diversity, Texture, and Mechanical Properties in Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V

Al-Bermani, S. S.; Blackmore, Michael; Zhang, W.; Todd, Iain

doi:10.1007/s11661-010-0397-x

Cited by 724 publications

(390 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…As a result of this slightly sintering, the electric conductivity is improved compared to the loosely stacked state, and the smoke phenomenon is therefore efficiently prevented [57]. A partial pressure of helium (4× 10 −3 mbar) is also introduced into the vacuum chamber to prevent smoke [46,58]. When the entire process is finished, the build will be embedded within a slightly sintered powder bed.…”

Section: Preheatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the powder bed is maintained at relatively high temperature throughout the process. For instance, for Ti6Al4V it is typically between 550 to 700 • C [58][59][60], and for IN718 it can be over 900 • C [61,62]. This leads to mostly full in-situ stress relief and no residual stress in the as-manufactured microstructure [63].…”

Section: Preheatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Ti-6Al-4V: The vacuum atmosphere in the EBM chamber ensures a clean environment and avoids the contaminations from gases during processing, which is therefore suitable for EBM titanium alloys, in particular Ti-6Al-4V [48,51,52,58,60,69,73]. In addition, since Ti-6Al-4V has superior properties for numerous potential applications, it is the most widely researched material for EBM process.…”

Section: Materials Manufactured With Ebmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 : Microstructures and Mechanical Properties

Deng

2018

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Licentiate Thesis

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Linköping 2018Cover image: A fracture surface of EBM IN718 after tensile test at room temperature.During the course of research underlying this thesis, Dunyong Deng was enrolled in Agora Materiae, a multidiciplinary doctoral program at Linköping University, Sweden. Printed by LiU-Tryck 2018 © Dunyong Deng AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has gained significant interest in aerospace, energy, automotive and medical industries due to its capabilities of manufacturing components that are either prohibitively costly or impossible to manufacture by conventional processes. Among the various additive manufacturing processes for metallic components, electron beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting (SLM) are two of the most widely used powder bed based processes, and have shown great potential for manufacturing high-end critical components, such as turbine blades and customized medical implants. The futures of the EBM and SLM are doubtlessly promising, but to fully realize their potentials there are still many challenges to overcome.Inconel 718 (IN718) is a nickel-base superalloy and has impressive combination of good mechanical properties and low cost. Though IN718 is being mostly used as a turbine disk material now, the initial introduction of IN718 was to overcome the poor weldability of superalloys in 1960s, since sluggish precipitation of strengthening phases γ ′ /γ ′′ enables good resistance to strain-age cracking during welding or post weld heat treatment. Given the similarity between AM and welding processes, IN718 has been widely applied to the metallic AM field to facilitate the understandings of process-microstructure-property relationships.The work presented in this licentiate thesis aims to better understand microstructures and mechanical properties EBM and SLM IN718, which have not been systematically investigated. Microstructures of EBM and SLM IN718 have been characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with the process conditions. Monotonic mechanical properties (e.g., Vickers microhardness and tensile properties) have also been measured and rationalized with regards to the microstructure evolutions before and after heat treatments.For EBM IN718, the results show the microstructure is not homogeneous but dependant on the location in the components, and the anisotropic mechanical properties are probably attributed to alignment of porosities rather than texture.iii Post heat treatment can slightly increase the mechanical strength compared to the as-manufactured condition but does not alter the anisotropy. SLM IN718 shows significantly different microstructure and mechanical properties to EBM IN718. The as-manufactured SLM IN718 has very fine dendritic microstructure and Laves phases in the interdendrites, and is "work-hardened" by the residual strains and dislocations present in the material. Mechanical properties are different between horizontally and vertically built samples, and heat treatment can m...

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Section: Preheatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preheatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials Manufactured With Ebmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 : Microstructures and Mechanical Properties

Deng

2018

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Licentiate Thesis

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“…Also, when melting Titanium Ti-6Al-4V, the anisotropic mechanical properties associated with the growth of columnar grains during solidification, as seen with other metals when additively manufactured, is largely avoided. This is because Ti-6Al-4V experiences a phase change upon cooling (at 882.5 • C), where the large vertically aligned columnar grains transform into a fine, basketweave like microstructure, known as the Widmanstatten microstructure (Al-Bermani et al 2010). Ti-6Al-4V also has a near perfectly plastic response (Rafi et al 2013), making it very suitable for use in conjunction with the suggested plastic optimization formulation (see Section 2.1).…”

Section: Choice Of Additive Manufacturing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of layout optimization to the design of additively manufactured metallic components

Gilbert

Todd

Derguti

2016

Struct Multidisc Optim

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Additive manufacturing ('3D printing') techniques provide engineers with unprecedented design freedoms, opening up the possibility for stronger and lighter component designs. In this paper 'layout optimization' is used to provide a reference volume and to identify potential design topologies for a given component, providing a useful alternative to continuum based topology optimization approaches (which normally require labour intensive post-processing in order to realise a practical component). Here simple rules are used to automatically transform a line structure layout into a 3D continuum. Two examples are considered: (i) a simple beam component subject to three-point bending; (ii) a more complex air-brake hinge component, designed for the Bloodhound supersonic car. These components were successfully additively manufactured using titanium Ti-6Al-4V, using the Electron Beam Melting (EBM) process. Also, to verify the efficacy of the process and the mechanical performance of the fabricated specimens, a total of 12 beam samples were load tested to failure, demonstrating that the target design load could successfully be met.

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“…In order to ensure the use of these printed parts in structural applications, their mechanical properties must be characterized. To date, several researchers have focused on understanding the microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr-based alloys [8], Ti alloys [7,9,10] and Ni-based alloys [11] fabricated by the EBM technology. Although these results exhibited excellent mechanical properties, the investigations only focused on small build samples and/or parts with a short build height.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Building Height on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Big-Sized Ti-6Al-4V Plate Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting

Wang

Nai

Sin

et al. 2015

MATEC Web of Conferences

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Abstract. Electron beam melting (EBM) is a layer by layer additive manufacturing technology, which has the capability of producing near-net shaped parts with complex geometries. It is also suitable for handling high melting point and reactive metallic materials, such as Ti alloy, which is widely used in the aerospace and biomedical applications. The present study focused on the relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of big-sized Ti-6Al-4V parts. A plate (6mm×180mm×372mm) was additively manufactured by EBM. The microstructure evolution and variation of mechanical properties were investigated by using the x-ray diffraction, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and tensile test. The results revealed that with an increasing in the build height, there was a variation in the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the build plate. Although only Į SKDVH DQG D UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO IUDFWLRQ RI ȕ SKDVH were detected in both the bottom and top specimens of the build plate, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreased with an increase of build height. This was attributed to the increase of Į lath width which was caused by the different thermal histories along the build height of the plate.

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The Origin of Microstructural Diversity, Texture, and Mechanical Properties in Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V

Cited by 724 publications

References 26 publications

Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 : Microstructures and Mechanical Properties

Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 : Microstructures and Mechanical Properties

Application of layout optimization to the design of additively manufactured metallic components

Effect of Building Height on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Big-Sized Ti-6Al-4V Plate Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting

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