The out‐of‐sync child: recognizing and coping with sensory integration dysfunction

Kraus, Elke

doi:10.1046/j.1440-1630.2001.00243.x

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Sensory processing disorder, which involves difficulties in regulating and integrating sensory signals, significantly influences individuals' reactions to their environment, affecting their daily activities and emotional-behavioral patterns (36). Individuals facing sensory processing challenges might experience anxiety and fear due to difficulties in processing and responding to sensory stimuli (37). Prior research, such as the study by Mellalieu et al, has shown a strong link between sensory sensitivity and anxiety, especially concerning withdrawal from stimuli and agoraphobia disorder (38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Predictor Effect and Relationship Between Brain-Behavioral Systems, Cognitive Flexibility, Sensory Processing and Anxiety in Iranian Immigrant Students in Canada

Mirzakhani Araghi,

Asghari,

Mahmoudi

et al. 2024

Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud

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Background: The rising prevalence of mental and psychological issues among immigrants has garnered increased attention due to the significant growth in immigrant populations in recent years. In this context, exploring the connection between psychological health, cognitive flexibility, brain-behavioral systems, and sensory processing in Iranian immigrants in Canada is becoming an essential research goal. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between psychological health, cognitive flexibility, brain-behavioral systems, and sensory processing among Iranian immigrants in Canada. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used, gathering data from 400 Iranian students (198 males and 202 females) enrolled at universities in Canada and Iran. We collected participants' demographic details and assessed their psychological health, cognitive flexibility, brain-behavioral systems, and sensory processing through standardized instruments. Psychological health was evaluated using the Beck Anxiety Inventory, cognitive flexibility was measured with the Dennis and Vander Wall Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire, and sensory processing was appraised via the adolescent/adult sensory profile. The Carver and White behavioral inhibition system (BIS)/behavioral activation system (BAS) scales were utilized to measure brain-behavioral systems. Statistical analyses, including correlation analysis and multivariate regression, were conducted to investigate the relationships among these variables. Results: The correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between anxiety and low registration (r = 0.283, P < 0.001), sensory sensitivity (r = 0.442, P < 0.001), and sensory avoiding (r = 0.307, P < 0.001) in immigrant students. Anxiety also showed nonsignificant negative correlations with the behavioral activation system-drive (r = -0.042, P = 0.551) and behavioral activation system-reward responsiveness (r = -0.090, P = 0.203). The multivariate regression analysis found that low registration (B = 0.177, P = 0.036), sensory sensitivity (B = 0.336, P < 0.001), and cognitive flexibility (B = 0.119, P = 0.025) significantly predicted anxiety levels in immigrant students. An adjusted R-squared value of 0.191 indicated that these variables together explained 19.1% of the variance in anxiety levels. Conclusions: This study underscores the significant links between sensory processing patterns, cognitive flexibility, brain-behavioral systems, and anxiety among Iranian immigrant students. These findings highlight the need for interventions focusing on teaching cognitive skills strategies and increasing awareness of sensory needs to help reduce anxiety levels in this population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Predictor Effect and Relationship Between Brain-Behavioral Systems, Cognitive Flexibility, Sensory Processing and Anxiety in Iranian Immigrant Students in Canada

Mirzakhani Araghi,

Asghari,

Mahmoudi

et al. 2024

Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud

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“…This opinion is shared between a number of authors who have written texts and chapters about SPD [41,43,52], however this is not backed up with evidence. Anecdotal references within contemporary texts, conference abstracts and case reports of sensory seeking behaviours [41,43,51,52,65], tactile defensiveness [40,42,52], poor proprioceptive awareness [43] or vestibular dysfunction [13,40], or the difficulty in modulation of combinations of these factors [40,50] being the initial cause of ITW were also found. All of these studies are graded at a Level IV, or the lowest form of evidence of an influencing aetiology due to their study design.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In her descriptive text, Kranowitz [42], stated that sensory processing does have a relationship with ITW. She discussed that when observing and treating children with a sensory processing disorder, some children toe walked.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These sensory systems, by the integration of the sensory input from the environment, then guide and organise motor control of the body. The sensory feedback that is obtained during and after an activity allows the result to be challenged within the brain and modified to gain the required result [42,[46][47][48]. Sensory processing dysfunction (SPD) is a diagnosis given when these processes are not working appropriately.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of authors within published texts suggest that ITW has a positive relationship with sensory processing dysfunction [14, 41, 42], yet there is limited research establishing this relationship. The content of these texts are currently utilised as teaching material within tertiary educational settings, all have been published or subsequent editions published within the last twelve years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Idiopathic toe walking and sensory processing dysfunction

Williams

Tinley²,

Curtin

2010

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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Background: It is generally understood that toe walking involves the absence or limitation of heel strike in the contact phase of the gait cycle. Toe walking has been identified as a symptom of disease processes, trauma and/or neurogenic influences. When there is no obvious cause of the gait pattern, a diagnosis of idiopathic toe walking (ITW) is made. Although there has been limited research into the pathophysiology of ITW, there has been an increasing number of contemporary texts and practitioner debates proposing that this gait pattern is linked to a sensory processing dysfunction (SPD). The purpose of this paper is to examine the literature and provide a summary of what is known about the relationship between toe walking and SPD. Method: Forty-nine articles were reviewed, predominantly sourced from peer reviewed journals. Five contemporary texts were also reviewed. The literature styles consisted of author opinion pieces, letters to the editor, clinical trials, case studies, classification studies, poster/conference abstracts and narrative literature reviews. Literature was assessed and graded according to level of evidence. Results: Only one small prospective, descriptive study without control has been conducted in relation to idiopathic toe walking and sensory processing. A cross-sectional study into the prevalence of idiopathic toe walking proposed sensory processing as being a reason for the difference. A proposed link between ITW and sensory processing was found within four contemporary texts and one conference abstract.

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The relationship between preschoolers’ sensory regulation and temperament: implications for parents and early childhood caregivers

Shen

et al. 2020

Early Child Development and Care

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The out‐of‐sync child: recognizing and coping with sensory integration dysfunction

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

The Predictor Effect and Relationship Between Brain-Behavioral Systems, Cognitive Flexibility, Sensory Processing and Anxiety in Iranian Immigrant Students in Canada

The Predictor Effect and Relationship Between Brain-Behavioral Systems, Cognitive Flexibility, Sensory Processing and Anxiety in Iranian Immigrant Students in Canada

Idiopathic toe walking and sensory processing dysfunction

The relationship between preschoolers’ sensory regulation and temperament: implications for parents and early childhood caregivers

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