“…The configurations in this area were single houses, townhouses, and low-rise buildings. This observation was similar to the results reported for Akure city in southwest Nigeria and in Delhi, the capital city of India ( Balogun and Daramola, 2019 ; Sharma and Joshi, 2014 ). Figure 5 Pattern of land surface temperatures in different areas of Bangkok.…”
The Bangkok Metropolitan Area is an example of urban sprawl that has undergone rapid expansion and major changes in urban composition and building configuration. This city is now faced with the urban heat island phenomenon. Initial observations of land surface temperature (LST) in recent years have indicated that LST has tended to increase in both urban and suburban areas. The purposes of this study were to: (1) assess different land cover types and combinations of land cover composition along an LST gradient, and (2) investigate effect of building configuration types on the LST in densely urban areas. We analyzed the urban composition variation of 4,960 land cover samples using a 500 m × 500 m grid and configuration metrics in spatial patterns from Landsat 8 data and a high-resolution database of buildings obtained from GIS data of the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. The results indicated that the fraction of land cover composition was strongly related to LST. Our results suggested that LST can be effectively mitigated by using below green (shrubs, grasses, and yards), above green (trees, orchards, mangroves, and perennial plants) and water land cover. By increasing tree canopy to around 20%, water body to around 30% or green yard/shrub to around 40% of the built-up areas, it is possible to reduce LST significantly. Urban configurations (edge density, patch density, large patch, mean patch size, building height, compactness of building, building type, and building use) affecting on LST were studied. Increased edge density, patch density of buildings, and building height caused reductions in LST. Distribution of LST patterns can be significantly related with urban composition or land configuration features. The results of this study can increase understanding of the interaction between urban composition and configuration metrics. Moreover, our findings may be useful in the mitigation of the impact of LST in urban-sprawl cities.
“…The configurations in this area were single houses, townhouses, and low-rise buildings. This observation was similar to the results reported for Akure city in southwest Nigeria and in Delhi, the capital city of India ( Balogun and Daramola, 2019 ; Sharma and Joshi, 2014 ). Figure 5 Pattern of land surface temperatures in different areas of Bangkok.…”
The Bangkok Metropolitan Area is an example of urban sprawl that has undergone rapid expansion and major changes in urban composition and building configuration. This city is now faced with the urban heat island phenomenon. Initial observations of land surface temperature (LST) in recent years have indicated that LST has tended to increase in both urban and suburban areas. The purposes of this study were to: (1) assess different land cover types and combinations of land cover composition along an LST gradient, and (2) investigate effect of building configuration types on the LST in densely urban areas. We analyzed the urban composition variation of 4,960 land cover samples using a 500 m × 500 m grid and configuration metrics in spatial patterns from Landsat 8 data and a high-resolution database of buildings obtained from GIS data of the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. The results indicated that the fraction of land cover composition was strongly related to LST. Our results suggested that LST can be effectively mitigated by using below green (shrubs, grasses, and yards), above green (trees, orchards, mangroves, and perennial plants) and water land cover. By increasing tree canopy to around 20%, water body to around 30% or green yard/shrub to around 40% of the built-up areas, it is possible to reduce LST significantly. Urban configurations (edge density, patch density, large patch, mean patch size, building height, compactness of building, building type, and building use) affecting on LST were studied. Increased edge density, patch density of buildings, and building height caused reductions in LST. Distribution of LST patterns can be significantly related with urban composition or land configuration features. The results of this study can increase understanding of the interaction between urban composition and configuration metrics. Moreover, our findings may be useful in the mitigation of the impact of LST in urban-sprawl cities.
“…In addition, the diameter (D, 150 mm) of instrument (Testo 480) for globe temperature is not the best for measuring outdoor thermal environment. More suitable instruments, such as HOBO with D ¼ 50 mm, 40 Laser EL-USB-2 data loggers 41 and Tiny-tag 42 should be used in future outdoor thermal environment studies.…”
Tropical or subtropical climates result in considerable heat stress in outdoor environments, which handicaps social activities in public spaces such as urban parks. This study aims to find out the effects of park planning factors on thermal environments. The research measured 18 urban parks around the city of Gold Coast in Australia from January to March 2018 which is the summer time of the Southern Hemisphere. Climate data were collected for each park, based on which park cooling intensity, mean radiant temperature and physiological equivalent temperature were calculated as thermal environment indicators. Meanwhile, park planning factors such as park tree coverage, park size and distance to major water bodies (the sea) were selected for multiple linear regressions with the thermal indicators. Our findings have confirmed that the park planning factors had significant effects on the thermal indicators. The effect of park tree coverage was most significant. This study provides important evidence and guidance for urban planning to create better outdoor thermal environments in parks to facilitate social activities.
“…Urbanization and its associated activities have brought about changes in the thermal situation of an area [35][36][37][38], greatly affecting the intensity of SUHI, as factors such as impervious surfaces, intense human activities and reduced vegetation cover all bring about increase in the urban temperature [39][40][41]. This consequently affects the thermal comfort condition of the region [42,43]. The subject of increased intensity of urban surface temperature has been reported in cities over the globe [44][45][46][47].…”
The progressive nature of urbanization plays a prominent role in land–atmosphere processes, which have corresponding impacts on the general environment. This research investigated the changing patterns of the land use land cover over Osogbo and its environs using remote sensing data obtained from Landsat TM, ETM+ and OLI/TIRS sensors. The changes in four land use classes were assessed for the years 1984, 2000 and 2015. The land surface temperature (LST) of the area was estimated from the satellite images covering the study periods, and the surface urban heat island (SUHI) process was also investigated between the city of Osogbo and the surrounding towns. The results showed major urban expansion leading to urban sprawl within the vicinity. Urban area increased by 5106 ha while vegetation decreased by 8653 ha between 1984 and 2015 indicating major variations in the land surface features. This was revealed by the increase in the LST over the locations which ranged between 22.6°C and 30°C (mean, 25.2°C) in 1984 and between 29.3°C and 36.7°C (mean, 31°C) in 2015. The highest SUHI intensity was observed between the major urban area (Osogbo) and least developed towns. The continuous increase in the surface temperature of the environment due to the continuous variations in the land surface properties implies increased risk of heat-related environmental issues such as deterioration of thermal comfort conditions.
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