THE OVARIAN HORMONES AND SPONTANEOUS RUNNING ACTIVITY IN THE FEMALE RAT<sup>1</sup>

Young, William C.; Fish, William R.

doi:10.1210/endo-36-3-181

Cited by 75 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…To maximize our ability to detect a midcycle change in activity associated with the midcycle rise in estradiol, we tried several different analytical strategies. Thus, we conclude that in the rhesus monkey menstrual cycle there are no changes in activity associated with the cyclic rise in estradiol, and thus they do not show the cyclic changes in activity that have been documented in nonprimate species (3,17,19,23,28,34,41,47,54,59). 4 and 5), we also looked at mean activity on the day of the preovulatory rise in estradiol combined with the day after the maximal estradiol concentration, as we were concerned that there might be a lag time between when estradiol rises and when it might have an effect on neural systems regulating activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Physical activity of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across the menstrual cycle

Hunnell¹,

Rockcastle²,

McCormick³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Physical activity is an important physiological variable impacting on a number of systems in the body. In rodents and several species of domestic animals, levels of physical activity have been reported to vary across the estrous cycle; however, it is unclear whether such changes in activity occur in women and other primates across the menstrual cycle. To determine whether significant changes in activity occur over the menstrual cycle, we continuously measured physical activity in seven adult female rhesus monkeys by accelerometry over the course of one menstrual cycle. Monkeys were checked daily for menses, and daily blood samples were collected for measurement of reproductive hormones. All monkeys displayed ovulatory menstrual cycles, ranging from 23 to 31 days in length. There was a significant increase in estradiol from the early follicular phase to the day of ovulation (F(1.005,5.023) = 40.060, P = 0.001). However, there was no significant change in physical activity across the menstrual cycle (F(2,12) = 0.225, P = 0.802), with activity levels being similar in the early follicular phase, on the day of the preovulatory rise in estradiol and during the midluteal phase. Moreover, the physical activity of these monkeys was not outside the range of physical activity that we measured in 15 ovariectomized monkeys. We conclude that, in primates, physical activity does not change across the menstrual cycle and is not influenced by physiological changes in circulating estradiol. This finding will allow investigators to record physical activity in female primates without the concern of controlling for the phase of the menstrual cycle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Physical activity of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across the menstrual cycle

Hunnell¹,

Rockcastle²,

McCormick³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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“…It is well established that estradiol alters behaviors that determine body weight in rats (for a review, see Wade 34 ). Specifically, estradiol increases activity and decreases food intake, 35,36 both of which favor a reduction in fat stores. Other mechanisms involved in estradiol's effects on body weight have been suggested, such as lowering of the "lipostat" setpoint in the hypothalamus 37 and increasing the sympathetic nervous system activity to white adipose tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

17β-Estradiol Reduces Glycoxidative Damage in the Artery Wall

Walsh

Busch

Mullick

et al. 1999

ATVB

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Abstract-Glycoxidative damage in the vasculature has been linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Estrogens protect against the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Because estrogens are potent antioxidants that also effect glucose metabolism, part of their protection against atherosclerosis could be through attenuation of glycoxidative damage in the vascular wall. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that chronic estradiol administration is associated with decreased levels of glycoxidative damage in arterial walls. We harvested and examined iliac arteries from ovariectomized, 8-month-old rats that had been implanted for 6 months with 1 of the following subcutaneous hormone pellets: low estradiol (2.5 mg estradiol), high estradiol (25 mg estradiol), P 4 (200 mg progesterone), low estradiol and P 4 , placebo (no hormone), or control (no implant). Using pentosidine as a biomarker of glycoxidative damage, we found that all vessels from rats receiving estradiol (low estradiol, high estradiol, and low estradiolϩP 4 ) exhibited a 50% reduction in glycoxidative damage compared with P 4 , placebo, and control vessels (PϽ0.05). Consistent with this finding, we observed that estradiol-treated rats had a 30% decrease in tissue levels of hydroperoxides, a marker of oxidative stress. Finally, estradiol-treated rats had a small, but significant, decrease in plasma glucose levels (PϽ0.01). In summary, we report the novel finding that chronic estrogen administration is associated with significant decreases in glycoxidative damage and oxidative stress in the arterial wall. It seems likely that these actions may constitute a mechanism by which estrogen attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis.

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“…Progesterone is known to impact several physiological mechanisms and given that estrogen and progesterone normally cycle together during at least one portion of the female reproductive cycle 16, progesterone could also affect activity behavior. In a larger study concentrating on the differential effect of estradiol and estrone on activity, Young and Fish 55 noted that progesterone injected in conjunction with estradiol did not influence activity in rats in any manner. This result was expanded upon in a three-phase study conducted by Rodier 37 which is the only other currently available study in this area.…”

Section: Effects Of Sex Hormones On Activity In Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Hormones' Regulation of Rodent Physical Activity: A Review

Lightfoot¹

2008

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

124

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There is a large body of emerging literature suggesting that physical activity is regulated to a varying extent by biological factors. Available animal data strongly suggests that there is a differential regulation of physical activity by sex and that the majority of this differential regulation is mediated by estrogen/testosterone pathways with females in many animal species having higher daily activity levels than males. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the mechanisms by which estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone affect the regulation of physical daily activity. This review lays the foundation for future investigations in humans as well as discussions about relative disease risk mediated by differential biological regulation of physical activity by sex.

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THE OVARIAN HORMONES AND SPONTANEOUS RUNNING ACTIVITY IN THE FEMALE RAT¹

Cited by 75 publications

References 14 publications

Physical activity of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across the menstrual cycle

Physical activity of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across the menstrual cycle

17β-Estradiol Reduces Glycoxidative Damage in the Artery Wall

Sex Hormones' Regulation of Rodent Physical Activity: A Review

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THE OVARIAN HORMONES AND SPONTANEOUS RUNNING ACTIVITY IN THE FEMALE RAT1

Cited by 75 publications

References 14 publications

Physical activity of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across the menstrual cycle

Physical activity of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across the menstrual cycle

17β-Estradiol Reduces Glycoxidative Damage in the Artery Wall

Sex Hormones' Regulation of Rodent Physical Activity: A Review

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THE OVARIAN HORMONES AND SPONTANEOUS RUNNING ACTIVITY IN THE FEMALE RAT¹